Marketing Paper Final Exam Essay

Last Paper Marketing incorporates the mind boggling pattern of each phase of an item, from origination to the last deal and everything in the middle. Advertisers are tested with recognizing the shoppers needs/needs and dealing with the procedure to address those issues. Each item an advertiser creates experiences four phases throughout its life, The Product Life Cycle. Each phase of the item life cycle (Introduction, Growth, Maturity, and Decline) have exceptional qualities that an advertiser faces as they make utility and attempt to keep up or develop their piece of the overall industry. Through each stage promoting is basic and advertisers attempt to advise, convince and remind shoppers about their item. The thing that matters is the methodology and focal point of the publicizing. Each item that comes to advertise goes into the Introduction Stage. This is where buyers are first acquainted with the item. â€Å"During the initial phase of the item life cycle, a firm attempts to animate interest for the new market passage. † (Boone and Kurtz, 2006, p. 371) An advertiser must interface with customers to make a business opportunity for the new item. Consistently several new items enter the early on stage. As of now an item that is simply starting to grab hold is top quality TVs (HDTVs). HDTVs communicate pictures with expanded lucidity and give the watcher (shopper) alternatives on camera points and extra data. Right now, â€Å"Yankee Group appraises that 15 percent of American families currently own (a HDTV), with Forrester evaluating 10 percent probably. † (Crawford, 2005) During the basic stage, advertisers are attempting to acquaint the item with customers. One of the manners in which advertisers succeed is in offering advancements or limits to wholesalers to get the item in the commercial center. A large portion of the promoting centers around educating general society about the new item. While data is critical, promoters likewise attempt to convince buyers to buy the item and periodically remind shoppers where they can discover the item. The Introductory stage is the place all items start. It is in this beginning time that items are refined dependent on buyer and dispersion criticism. Customarily the quantities of advertisers are negligible in the initial stage as the market is being created. As an item discovers its market and starts to pick up acknowledgment, it moves into the Growth Stage of the item life cycle. The development stage is the place an item observes its business volumes increment drastically. At this phase in the product’s life, â€Å"new clients make starting buys and early purchasers repurchase. † (Boone and Kurtz, 2006, p. 372) Early advertisers find expanded rivalry as their rivals enter the item space to partake in the benefits. Satellite TV has gone into the development showcase with the coming of the little dish. Early satellite TV was essentially constrained to provincial zones that were distant to digital TV. The dishes were enormous and ugly. As the innovation has propels and the satellite dish has contracted to less then twenty-four inches, buyers have hurried to the choice to digital TV. Satellite TV advertisers are proceeding to refine their item in this development stage. As of late, the best two suppliers of satellite TV marked arrangements to give moderate fast web access. â€Å"For satellite-TV suppliers, the administration is another approach to offer a full line of items. † (AP, 2006) The development stage is the place advertisers move from a substantial spotlight on data in promoting to an increasingly convincing methodology. The convincing methodology permits the advertisers to separate from contenders and urge people to not be deserted. On the off chance that the item space pulls in numerous advertisers, estimating, highlights and different differentiators are utilized in the promoting to assist advertisers with picking up or keep up piece of the overall industry. The Growth Stage of the item life cycle is mind boggling and evolving. Advertisers depend on verbal, mass publicizing and falling costs to continue the energy and enthusiasm for the item. The objective of the development stage is to get hesitant purchasers to purchase and current clients to repurchase. As an item develops and development settles, the item moves in the Maturity Stage. Deals start to level and flexibly surpasses interest without precedent for the items life cycle. Contending advertisers have overwhelmed the field and benefits start to get discouraged. These components make pressure on advertisers to proceed with their brands maintainability. Carbonated soda pops are an extremely full grown item. As per the American Beverage Association (ABA) the beginnings of the cutting edge soft drink began in the 1830’s. (ABA, 2006) The ABA gauges that there are more than 450 brands in the item space. The quantity of brands makes savage rivalry for American’s 65 billion in yearly buys. Adverting in the develop phase of a product’s life is tied in with expanding buys, separating your image and finding new uses or markets for the item. In the soda pop space advertisers attempt big name supports and item separation. 7-UP is â€Å"the un-cola†, attempting to draw its differentiation among progressively famous cola brands. Whatever approach the advertiser takes in publicizing, the objective is to expand the development arrange and keep up benefits for whatever length of time that conceivable. An item in the develop phase of the item life cycle doesn't show inevitable death. As showed above, soda pops keep on directing consumer’s dollars. Advertisers will frequently look to new markets and changes in the item to broaden the life of the item. Perhaps the biggest battle for develop items is keeping up benefits as rivalry drives down costs. As the item leaves development it enters the Decline Stage in the Product life cycle. An items decrease is regularly connected to new advances. Advertisers center around reminding the rest of the clients in the market that they are there for the consumer’s needs. Deals decrease, benefits decay and the item space in the end looses cash. VCRs are an item on the decrease in the United States. With the development of DVDs and the decrease in cost of DVRs, VCRs are loosing rack space and piece of the pie. Advertisers in many cases scan for new markets as items decrease in their current markets. So while the United States and Europe may progress to another innovation, rising economies may grasp the â€Å"older† and less expensive innovation, accordingly expanding the items life. Publicizing an item in the phase of decay centers around reminding the rest of the buyer base the item despite everything exists.

Hemingway’s Writing Style Essay Essays

Hemingway’s Writing Style Essay Essays Hemingway’s Writing Style Essay Hemingway’s Writing Style Essay From about the start of his making calling. Hemingway’s run of the mill way occasioned an incredible exchange of comment and dispute. Fundamentally. his way is basic. direct. furthermore, undecorated. likely as a result of his initial paper arrangement. He maintains a strategic distance from the descriptive at whatever point conceivable. but since he is a maestro at passing on feeling without the elegant writing of his Victorian author antecedents. the outcome is unquestionably additionally uncovering. In Observations on the Style of Ernest Hemingway. from â€Å"Contexts of Criticism† by Harry Levin ( Harvard University Press. 1957 ) . the pundit says: â€Å"Hemingway puts his inflection on things on the grounds that. among different pieces of address. they come nearest to things. Leading them on by offices of concurrences. he approximates the existent progression of experience. † Hemingway has habitually been portrayed as a maestro of duologue. furthermore, most perusers concur. after being first acquainted with his origin. that â€Å"this is the way these characters would really talk. † It is fascinating to watch. by and by. that Hemingway’s one exertion at playwriting was a disappointment. In reality. an examination of his duologue will reveal this is only here and there the way individuals really talk. The outcome is practiced. by the conscious highlight and rehash which causes us to recover what has been said. Since the pundits can non entirely hang on Hemingway’s way. conceivably the best way is to set it into the author’s ain words. In no time before his deplorable expire. Hemingway provided for the Wisdom Foundation in California a conglomeration of his perceptions on life and craftsmanship. love and perish. They were distributed in the January 1963. issue of Playboy magazine. furthermore, in them Hemingway said of his creation: I do the majority of my work in my caput. I neer start to create until my musings are all together. Regularly I present advances of duologue as it is being composed ; the ear is a decent edit. I neer set down a sentence on paper until I have it so communicated that it will be obvious to anybody. However. I at times imagine that my way is implicative rather than direct. The peruser should every now and again use his creativity or lose the most slippery part of my thoughts. I take extraordinary strivings with my work. pruning and reexamining with a tireless manus. I have the open help of my innovative exercises extremely much at chest. I cut them with limitless consideration. also, buff them until they become brilliants. What numerous another creator would be substance to go forward in solid extents. I clean into a peewee treasure. Hemingway goes on at some length. in any case, the bit of what he says might be in this section: A writer’s way ought to be immediate and individual. his creative mind rich and rough. also, his words straightforward and fiery. The best creators have the endowment of heavenly curtness. are troublesome laborers. tireless bookmans and able beauticians. To elucidate Hemingway’s way enough in a couple of sections is incomprehensible. Tonss of articles. furthermore, even a few books. have been composed on the theme. also, it is to these that the genuine student should go for extra. progressively detailed data.

Rutledge, John

Rutledge, John Rutledge, John, 1739â€"1800, American jurist and political leader, 2d chief justice of the United States, b. Charleston, S.C.; brother of Edward Rutledge . After studying law in London he began practice in Charleston, S.C., in 1761. He rose to prominence when quite young, was a member (1762) of the provincial assembly, attorney general of South Carolina (1764â€"65), and a delegate (1765) to the Stamp Act Congress. He twice (1774â€"76, 1782â€"83) was a member of the Continental Congress and meanwhile held strong sway as president (1776â€"78) of his state and later (1779â€"82) as governor. As delegate (1787) to the Constitutional Convention, Rutledge played an important role in the drafting of the U.S. Constitution, and then (1788) was a member of the state ratifying convention. After serving (1789â€"91) as associate justice of the U.S. Supreme Court he was chief justice of South Carolina. In July, 1795, he was appointed interim chief justice of the United States and presided at the August term of the Supreme Court, but the Senate (Dec., 1795) refused to confirm the appointment because of his bitter attacks on Jay's Treaty . See biography by R. H. Barry (1942, repr. 1971). The Columbia Electronic Encyclopedia, 6th ed. Copyright © 2012, Columbia University Press. All rights reserved. See more Encyclopedia articles on: U.S. History: Biographies

Academic Expert - 1298 Words

Lit Knowledge and Evil Knowledge offers the individual who attains it the capacity to differentiate between evil and good or wrong and right. Therefore, must we disregard the likelihood that it may not in fact be knowledge, but rather the decisions we settle for subsequent to its attainment that brings about demise of individuals? The paper will try to examine the viewpoints of two writers, Christopher Marlowe and William Shakespeare, concerning the subject of knowledge probably being a downfall as they have inferred in their own plays, Doctor Faustus and Hamlet respectively. Amusingly, the chief persona of both†¦show more content†¦If we consider the topic of knowledge from a theological viewpoint, it appears that the heavens do not deny individuals with knowledge absolutely, but instead establish a boundary to it. Eve and Adam did not appear to be completely uninformed before ingesting the prohibited fruit. Therefore, as Faustus becomes conceited of his broad knowledge, his demise is determined upon by the heavens nearly as if he now symbolizes a menace: Till, swollen with cunning of a self-conceit, His waxen wings did mount above his reach, And, melting, heavens conspird his overthrow†¦ (Marlowe, 2001, Prologue 20-22). As of a moralistic approach, Faustus attitude can be compared to that of contemporary day scientists who set no boundaries to their experimentations and attempt to be God. Conversely, this last similarity does not actually relate to the character Hamlet, Hamlet the play concurs with Doctor Faustus in that Hamlet emerges in the play as a scholar. In short, it is supposed that he already owns a immense deal of knowledge, but it appears he is short of the knowledge the occurrences in Denmark whilst he was gone. He is deficient in the knowledge of his fathers execution and about the killer. Then it appears that the heavens plot against Hamlet too. Each time his fathers spirit tries to elucidate these subjects, the sun ascends, and the spirit has to depart: Ghost: But soft, me thinks I scent the morning air; Brief let me be†¦ The glow-wormShow MoreRelatedThe Performance Rate Of The Pupils After The Cooperative Learning Approach1355 Words   |  6 Pagescommonly utilized teaching strategies. Elliot Aronson (1978) developed the jigsaw method. In this method students are assigned to a multi-member teams to work on a certain academic tasks. They are divided into sections wherein each member of the group is assigned to do a certain task and become an expert. Experts are then assigned to expert groups in which the members of the group discuss the information and decide on the best way to present the material to members of their home teams. After the studentsRead MoreCourt Case Analysis894 Words   |  4 Pagesmore than one expert giving opinion evidence, it is very common that those opinions are different. As it takes place in this coursework case. This disagreement may be based on differences in theoretical foundations, analyses of data, different approach to the problem or simply, due to one of the experts manipulating with evidence on behalf of one of the sides. What is more, the complexity of the legal system is very complex and can also fuel this perception. For example, when an expert is not awareRead MoreForensics Examiner and Digital Evidence in Nigeria2111 Words   |  9 PagesADMISSIBILITY OF THE OPINION OF A COMPUTER FORENSICS EXAMINER AS AN EXPERT EVIDENCE UNDER NIGERIAN LAW OF EVIDENCE By Philip O Nwachukwu As a general rule under Nigerian law of Evidence, the opinion evidence is irrelevant in court trials. Thus section 66 of the Evidence Act CAP E14, Laws of the. Federation of Nigeria (LFN), 2004 provides that the fact that any person is of the opinion that a fact in issue, or relevant to the issue, does or does not exist, is irrelevant to the existence of such factRead MoreFuzzy Based Automated System For Predicting Viral Infections1505 Words   |  7 Pagesutilizations in industrial manufacturing, automobile production, banks, hospitals and academic education. The main aim is to construct a control system that will provide good transient and steady state reply of the system. Fuzzy logic develops into a standard technology and is also applied in data and sensor signal analysis. Fuzzy logic has verified to be a powerful tool for decision-making systems, such as expert systems and pattern classification systems. Dr. Zadeh was working on the difficulty ofRead MoreForensic Psychology : C riminal Investigation And The Law2261 Words   |  10 Pagesoccasionally take on cases where I do risk assessments to assist in determining the likelihood someone will reoffend.† Julie’s case is only part time but full time is a different case. â€Å"The most important duty of a forensic psychologist is to act as an expert witness† (QuinStreet Inc, 2014). A vast part of the field requires testifying in court. The ability to take their findings and present them in a way that will be understood in the court setting is a major part of any forensic psychologist’s day. OneRead MoreChinese Construction Firms And The International Market4181 Words   |  17 Pagesit is necessary to establish a model to analyse and improve Chinese construction firms? international competitiveness. A three rounds Modified-Delphi interview was ere conducted with 15 Chinese construction industry?s experts; , the iterations of the Delphi exercise allowed the experts to modify the weighting of the KCIs and predict them beyond their own subjective opinions; which facilitated to establishthe establishment of an Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP) model with the KCIs that may can improveRead MoreAcademic Discourse Essay1137 Words   |  5 Pagescommunity is as yet undefined; it does however require a set of specific characteristics, which allow the term to be narrowed until the point when many competing notions are eliminated. It is more a set of ideas, relating to the world of research and academic writing. There are many uncertainties surrounding the qualities and characteristics of a discourse community, many of which rise from a lack of definition. The following research is aimed at reducing confusion by identifying complex ideas and breakingRead MoreThe Department of Psychology at State University1668 Words   |  7 Pages The psychology department of State University is considered an academic discourse community. They have a stated purpose, requirements for membership, and exercise intercommunication techniques. Furthermore, they have shared common knowledge that they use to advance their discipline and attract new members. Eleanor Kutz, a leading expert in the field of language and literacy, argues that academic discourse communities differ from informal ones in the critical area of assumed shared knowledge. Read MoreScholarly Bibliography On Scholarly Journals Essay866 Words   |  4 Pagesthe process of subjecting an author’s scholarly manuscript to the scrutiny of others who are experts and working in the same field (Ware 2013). Scholarly/academic journal Scholarly journal, also called as academic/scientific/refereed journal or very often peer-reviewed journal, is a peer-reviewed/refereed periodical in which scholarship relating to a particular academic discipline is published. Academic journals serve as forums for the introduction and presentation for scrutiny of new research,Read MoreThe Different Types Of Academic Journals825 Words   |  4 Pages An academic journal is a peer-reviewed article that is published periodically which is related to a certain academic discipline. It is basically research from an individual or a group targeting a topic to inform people/critique someone else’s research. The different types of academic journals are: Communication Research, which is research in a variety of fields, Journal of Applied Communication Research, which is research in workplace and other settings, Critical Studies in Media Communication

The Relationship Between Petruchio and Katherina in the...

An analysis of the relationship between Petruchio and Katherina throughout the play The Taming Of The Shrew Introduction: The Taming Of The Shrew is a comic play based around a town in Italy called Padua. In my view, the play is mainly centred round the relationship of Petruchio and Katherina. Petruchio, a young, ambitious and (it could be said) ravenous man has his heart set on locating a young and beautiful women with a wealthy background to be his wife. The fact that he will only be interested in the women for her money is indicated several times before the meeting of Petruchio and Katherina. P: I come to wive it wealthily in Padua; If wealthily, then happily in Padua. P: Signor Hortensio, twixt such friends as†¦show more content†¦No mates for you Unless you were of gentler, milder mould. K: Ifaith, sir, you shall never need to fear; Iwis it is not halfway to her heart. But if it were, doubt not her care should be To comb your noddle with a three-legged stool, And paint your face, and use you as a fool. Katherina shows that she is in fact angered and upset by the willingness of the suitors of the town to turn to her sister when she is the older of the two, and she should be married before her. She turns her anger to violence directed at Bianca as shown in the beginning of Act 2 Scene 1, shortly before the meeting of Petruchio and Katherina. K: O, then belike you fancy riches more: You will have Gremio to keep you fair. B: Is it for him you do envy me so? Nay then you jest, and now I well perceive You have but jested with me all this while. I prithee, sister Kate, untie my hands. K: [Striking her] If that be jest, then all the rest was so. These representations of the characters I will analyse have shown that the characters have very similar personalities and are prone to violence. Especially when it comes to lack of love. This will change in a drastic way as I investigate the play. Petruchio will prevail and Katherina will be tamed. Act 2 Scene 1: The Meeting When Petruchio is alone before the first meeting, he shares with the audience his proposal to woo Kate, using a soliloquy. This opens the audienceShow MoreRelatedThe Power of Love in 10 Things I Hate About You and Taming of the Shrew1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of Love in 10 Things I Hate About You and Taming of the Shrew The Power of Love is portrayed in various themes throughout both. Some of which depict superficial love, motivation by money and love-at-first-sight. These ideas can be contrasted and compared between the 1500 Elizabethan time of Shakespeares play The Taming of the Shrew and the present contemporary period of teenage movie 10 Thing IRead MoreTaming Of The Shrew Comparison934 Words   |  4 PagesComparative Essay The Taming of the Shrew and 10 things I Hate About You The Taming of the Shrew was written by William Shakespeare in 1593. It describes the life of Katherina, the difficult older sister who few people were willing to marry, and her younger sister Bianca, with her many suitors lining up to marry her. The play was later adapted into a movie in 1999 by Touchstone Pictures which was named 10 Things I Hate About You. 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The portrayal of a deep understanding, which exists in an analogical relationship and the gentle transformation, which occursRead MoreWilliam Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew as a Comedy Essay2463 Words   |  10 PagesWilliam Shakespeares The Taming of the Shrew as a Comedy The Taming of the Shrew, written by William Shakespeare between 1589 and 1594, is a romantic comedy set in the Italian city of Padua. Since the play was written, the audiences idea of comedy has changed quite dramatically. In the fifteen hundreds, an audience would have enjoyed obvious, visual aspects of comedy such as we would see in a modern-day pantomime, whereas an audience watching the play today would also Read MoreThe Presentation of Petruchio by Shakespeare in The Taming of the Shrew2524 Words   |  11 PagesThe Presentation of Petruchio by Shakespeare in The Taming of the Shrew In addition to being the title of one of Shakespeares earliest comedies, The Taming of the Shrew was also the self appointed role and paramount purpose of one of its main characters, Petruchio. Shakespeare presents this central character in a variety of ways and care must be taken so that early unfavourable impressions of Petruchio may not be misleading. What did Shakespeare want his audience to think Read More10 Things I Hate About You Taming of the Shrew: Appropriation1376 Words   |  6 Pages10 Things I Hate About You The Taming of the Shrew The historical and cultural contexts of Shakespeare’s The Taming of the Shrew (TTS) and the 1999 film 10 Things I Hate About You (10TIH) differ exceptionally, resulting in the film’s expression of values unlike those expressed in Shakespeare’s original text. Shakespeare’s play was written during the Elizabethan era, during which the belief that men were superior to women was prevalent. This concept is centralised in TTS, through incorporationRead MoreTaming of the Shrew and Oleanna: Women Supersede Essay2517 Words   |  11 Pagesgender roles have been challenged and refined over the course of the twentieth century, main characters, Katherina from â€Å"Taming of the Shrew†, and Carol in â€Å"Oleanna†, nonetheless portray the exceptions or even the extremes, of feminine independence and superiority to the norm of patriarchy within not only the household, but within society as well (Traversi 96). In both the â€Å"Taming of the Shrew† by William Shakespeare, and â€Å"Oleanna† by David Mamet, the authors write their female characters to have

The Revolution of 1917 Rights of the Republic Free Essays

Before the Mexican Revolution, Mexico was technically a republic as it is today, but by the time of the revolution, it was a republic in name only. In the mid-1860s, Mexico fought back against the French colonial overlords and established the country for itself, but the plan only partially succeeded.   Over the next decade, grassroots efforts across the country began to bring equality to Mexico, but instead they delivered the country into the hands of an elected dictator. We will write a custom essay sample on The Revolution of 1917: Rights of the Republic or any similar topic only for you Order Now    In 1876, Porfirio Diaz overthrew the sitting president, forcing him to flee the country and Diaz was named president. Once he had the position, he refused to relinquish it, crushing any who dared to oppose him. For the Mexican ruling class, the period known as Porfiriato was a time of prosperity and peace. There was enormous foreign investment in Mexico and the country was developed from a largely rural economy to a modernized, industrial nation.   Then in 1910, despite Diaz efforts to destroy any opposition Francisco Madero, an academic from one the haciendas of northern Mexico, ran against Diaz. He was immediately jailed by the president and the peasants, sick of being mistreated y the Republic, galvanized behind Madero. The election fraud that had kept Diaz in office was so extreme that officially Madero received only a few hundred votes nationally. Madero worked with church leaders in San Luis Potosi to develop a plan calling on the people of Mexico to take up arms and overthrow the Diaz government. Diaz ordered Madero arrested again and he fled to Texas where he formulated the Mexican Revolution.   Within a year, Madero was sworn in as the new president of Mexico when Diaz resigned in accordance with the Treaty of Ciudad Juarez after he routed the federalist army with the assistance of forces rallying behind Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. Before the year was out, Madero and his vice president would be executed a military junta left in charge of the country because Madero refused to enact the property reforms that he had called for when encouraging the people to revolt.   Madero attempted to moderate between conservatives that wanted to keep the status quo and hard-line revolutionaries like the Zapatistas and in the end had no support at all. For the next six years, Mexico’s leadership was in a constant state of flux with the President Venustiano Carranza, a former revolutionary general who overthrew the previous military leader, chased out of Mexico City for two years of his presidency. Finally, he incorporated many of the extreme viewpoints of the revolutionaries in the Constitution of 1917. The constitution is the basis for the current Mexican government. One of the most important provisions of the constitution was that it forbade foreign investors from owning land in Mexico. The provision still stands. The reason for this proviso was the fact that during the Diaz presidency foreign investors owned the great majority of the land, making profits off the work of the local peasants and that Mexico’s oil fields were largely owned by foreign investors as well. Residents of Mexico wanted the income to remain within the country and nationalized all foreign-owned property. The Constitution also severely limited the power of the Catholic Church which had once been almost completely responsible for the education of people within Mexico. President Alvaro Obregon, who was elected to succeed Carranza after conspiring with those who assassinated his predecessor, tried to accommodate all factions of Mexican society including providing better education sponsored by the state instead of the Church and instituting rights for women. It was a bad time to a politician and Obregon was assassinated by a pro-Catholic gunman. That was in large part the beginning of the rebellion of the Church against the new government. The battles in Mexico continued well beyond the end of the war as the separation between Church and State was painful. Supporters of church supremacy began an uprising called â€Å"la Guerra Cristera† (the war of Christ) and estimates are that nearly a million people died in the battles. The battles between the Church and the government continued until 1929 when an end to the armed conflict was negotiated by the American ambassador. Many believe that the true end of the revolution was not until the presidency of Là ¡zaro Cà ¡rdenas, who ran the country from 1934 to 1940 and was the first president to willingly hand over the reins of the government to his successor.   In the meantime, the spiritual base of the national had been destroyed. In 1935, 17 Mexican states were left without a priest and only 334 licensed priests existed within the entire country. Forty were known to have been executed in the wars and hundreds of others fled the country. The reason: the Constitution of 1917. Under the diplomatic settlement, the anti-clerical provisions of the Constitution still stand. Among its provisions are: Article 5 outlawed monastic religious orders. Article 24 forbade public worship outside of church buildings, while Article 27 restricted religious organizations’ rights to own property. Finally, Article 130 took away basic civil rights of members of the clergy: priests and religious leaders were prevented from wearing their habits, were denied the right to vote, and were not permitted to comment on public affairs in the press. The anti-clerical provisions of the Constitution are not generally enforced since World War II and the church has regained some of its prominence in the hearts of Mexicans, but not returned to prominence in Mexican politics. Other provisions of the new constitution include the right to freedom of the press, but with the caveat that after publication charges related to sedition and libel can be brought if they are warranted.   The constitution restricts where foreigners can own land, restricts who may be considered a citizen of Mexico and prohibits slavery. It also prohibits extradition of Mexican nationals who have committed crimes in other countries if that may result in the death penalty. The constitution specifically assures citizens the right to life and prohibits the death penalty.   The constitution assures the right of Mexican citizens to bear arms, but only those which have been approved by the Mexican National Army.   It is also one of the most progressive constitutions in the world with relation to worker rights. The Constitution provides that any slave brought into Mexico is immediately freed and offered equal protection under the law. Furthermore, workers are guaranteed the right to an eight-hour work day, a day of rest each work week, and a minimum wage. The Constitution prohibits people who are not Mexican by birth from holding most political offices, running the country’s airports or seaport, or being military officers. It also gives preference in hiring to Mexican nationals over foreigners applying for the same job, assuming that both are equally qualified.   Finally, it prohibits several forms of punishment commonly used in the pre-1917 government and outlaws the concept of a debtor’s prison.   Clearly, the biggest difference between the current Mexican government and the pre-1917 government is the treatment of the workers. Because it was the people, the workers who lead the Mexican revolution, the provisions of the new constitution are designed particularly to protect the rights of the worker.   Workers who rallied behind Emiliano Zapata and the other leaders of the revolution abandoned and executed their leaders when they strayed from the principles of land reform and workers right. Six full years before the November Revolution in Russia, the workers of Mexico began a war to assure that they would have the rights that they needed. The revolution was spurred by the harsh treatment of the peasants and lower class in early years and ended only after the people had their rights secured. How to cite The Revolution of 1917: Rights of the Republic, Essay examples

Organizational Behavior Hierarchy of Needs

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Behavior for the Hierarchy of Needs. Answer: 1.a). Introduction In the past century there has been ample research conducted on the relationship between performance of employees and their personalities. The performance of an employee not only depend on the knowhow of the trade but also depends on multiple factors like the initiative they undertake in solving the problem, resourcefulness of that particular employee, best utilization of available resources, time and energy spend in doing a particular task. There are two factors that influence job performance one is situational factors like the nature and characteristic of job coworker etc and another part is the personality factor of individual employees (McShane and Von Glinow 2015). The aim of this report is to test the employees of a reputed pharmaceutical company on the basis of big 5 personalitys traits and to prepare a report on the result. Big Five Personality Theory In 1950 the initial model of personality theory was advanced by Ernest Tupes and Raymond christial based on the work conducted in US Air force Personnel laboratory. Then in 1990 J.M. Digman proposed the five factor model which was implemented at the highest level of organization by Goldman in 1993 (Cobb-Clark and Schurer 2012). The researchers collectively agree that all the personality measures can be grouped according to big 5 personality dimension. This theory is universal and has proven to be relevant across different cultures. The recent research also shows that the bases of these personalities are genetics and they are mostly inherited (Leutner et al. 2014). Five Personality Traits proposed by the theory Traits can be explained as particular pattern of thought, actions or feelings that distinguishes one person from another. The Big Five theory has identified five personality traits that make the overall personality of an individual and they are OCEAN or Openness, Consciousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism (Cred 2012). Openness- A person who is eager to learn new things and are always looking forward to new experiences is considered to be open. The traits like imaginative, insightful and divergent thinking are associated with openness. A person scoring high in this test is generally tolerant towards uncertainty and has the capacity to assimilate information. It is also found that they are more aware of feelings, thoughts and impulses as a result they have much deeper and intense experience. They are generally highly motivated and are comfortable in an unfamiliar and complex terrain. Consciousness- A person with higher level of consciousness are usually more reliable and prompt. A conscious person is more determined, strong willed and purposeful which is reflect in their hard work, carefulness and the ability to plan and organize task appropriately. The characteristics of conscious person are that they are methodical, ordered and thorough. Extraversion- An individual having energetic toward work and social life is termed as Extrovert. They have traits like assertiveness, activity, sociability and positive emotions. The extroverts are easily bored but they get motivated by change, variety and challenges. The recent researches show that extroverts are the hard working, adaptive and ambitious lot among the employees. Agreeableness- An agreeable person is compassionate, cooperative, and friendly. They are always eager to help others and they hope that others will be equally helpful. The traits of agreeable person are that they are affectionate, sympathetic and kind. Neuroticism- It is also referred to as emotional stability. People scoring high on this test often suffer from negative emotion and they are generally moody or tense. The Big 5 Personality test can be very helpful in providing an insight how employees will react to different situation. It is very helpful for an organization to assess the strength and weakness of employees. The objective of the research is to conduct a Big 5 personality on one of the popular pharmaceutical company Sun Pharma pvt ltd and to reflect the result in the report. Research Design In order to achieve the research objective a survey was designed. This design was cross sectional which means sample is drawn from population at a particular point in time (Funder 2015). Research Sample The sample was taken from the company Sun Pharma ltd which is among the top ten Pharma Company in Malaysia. The company has various manufacturing units across Malaysia and has approval of Ministry of health. Among all the employees a total of 159 employees were chosen for the empirical study. Measuring Mechanism In order to measure the personality of individual based on Big 5 theory the NEO Personality Inventory Revised (NEO-PI-R) was used for the purpose. The NEO-PI-R has 240 items and the five personalities are further divided into 6 component. The alpha coefficient of personality dimension of 0,86 suggests openness and 0,92 indicates neuroticism. The job performances of the employees were measured using Performance Appraisal Questionnaire (PAQ). The PAQ primarily measures performance, creativity and management ability with 30 items of questions. The Performance Appraisal Questioner is validly constructed and it is proved by the fact that the factor loading between 0,41 and 0,98 was obtained. Statistical Analysis The SAS program was used to carry out statistical analysis. In order to analyze the result the descriptive statistics like mean, skewness, kurtosis and standard deviation were used. Analysis of the Result The result of product moment correlation shows that there is no relationship between task performances, personality dimensions and creativity. The result is presented in the table below: Table showing moment correlation coefficient between NEO-PI-R and PAQ Items Task Performance Management Creativity Openness 0,13 0,41 0,26 Consciousness 0,05 0,10 0,07 Extraversion 0,17 0,21 0,22 Agreeableness 0,07 0,31 0,10 Neuroticism -0,11 -0,22 -0,31 Table showing the result of Canonical Analysis Particulars Correlation Coefficient Personality dimension set Openness 0,75 0,78 Consciousness 0,35 -0,04 Extraversion 0,51 -0,06 Agreeableness 0,23 -0,05 Neuroticism -0,65 -0,73 Percent of variance 0,02 - Redundancy 0,04 - Performance Set Task Performance 0,42 -0,76 Creativity 0,89 1,49 Percent of variance 0,48 - Redundancy 0,07 Canonical correlation 0,38 The practically significant correlation is 0,30 and as the table shows there are no correlations found between personality dimensions. The result of Canonical analysis however confirms that openness is related to task performance and creativity. It can be seen that an employee who is open to experience are imaginative, sensitive, has a high degree of alertness of inner feelings and has a preference of variety. This all explains the reason behind high score that openness has on performance and creativity at work. The result is in conformity with the findings of the researcher Raudseep and Horton. The test shows that the work performance of an employee is much better than less conscious employees. It is also found that open, stable and agreeable management performs much better than those scored low in this dimension. The finding shows that there is a negative relationship between neuroticism and managerial performance. The managers scoring high on this are unable to cope up with stress ; they have irritational ideas and fail to control their impulses. The sun Pharma has relatively young employees so the managers are require to continuously adapt to the new changes as a result there exists significant relationship between managerial performance and openness to experience. Conclusion In conclusion it can be said that the pharmaceutical company is required to consider the personality dimensions of their work force in order to predict successfully the creativity and managerial performance during career development and selection. It recommended that further research is to be conducted in order to draw a broader conclusion between the job performance and personality dimension. b) Introduction If an individual has the dream of achieving the highest in life then he needs to do some serious planning for life (Pellegrino and Hilton 2013). Life is dynamic and it is continuously changing sometimes for good and sometimes for bad. When the shore of life is continuously crushed by the waves of apathy and hopelessness then a proper plan acts as a light in the midst of darkness. In this essay therefore an attempt is made to plan my career goals and objective in the light of Maslows Theory of Hierarchy of Needs. Career Summary I have a bachelor degree in science from a recognized university and have experience in working as medical representative for a multinational company and currently working in Sun Pharmacy. The responsibility of my work is to increase sales and expand the business in the South western frontier of Malaysia. I have also been given the responsibility to develop an educational program to increase the brand awareness of the company. In this work the depth of my marketing and sales skill were tested which highlighted my ability in the eyes of the senior manager. I was also engaged in developing a strategic initiative with management so that use of the product of the company could be increased. As soon as I joined the company targets were achieved and I secured a salary hike within 3 months of joining. I have adequate knowledge of the latest industry development. The main soft skills that would be helping me in achieving career goals are patience, pleasing personality and the ability to comm unicate well with the physician. Career objectives and goals I have classified my career goals in two parts short term goal and long term goals. The goal that I have includes: To become senior medical representative within 6 months. In two years time to attain to the post of the area sales manager. In 4 year to become the sales manager of the Sun Pharma Company. The long term goal is to become the executive officer of the Sun Pharmacy on or after 5 years time. Maslows Hierarchy of needs The main objective of The Maslows Theory is to understand the reason that motivates an individual. In 1943 Maslow proposed the theory that peoples have certain motivation to achieve their needs (Anderson 2014). If one need is satisfied then the person looks to achieve the next needs and this cycle continues. The wide spread and most popular version of Maslow hierarchy of needs is the Maslow five stage motivational model: Self actualization: It is a self fulfillment needs that one achieve through self actualization. The self actualization is achieved by accomplishing ones own full potential which includes creativity. Esteem Needs: The psychological needs include esteem needs which is associated with reputation and sense of accomplishment. Love needs and belongingness: A good relationship and sense of belonging is a very important psychological need that cannot be ignored (Cao et al. 2013). Safety needs: It is a basic need that is concerned with safety and security of the job. Physiological needs: This are the basic needs like food, water, rest etc without which no other achievement could be satisfying. Connecting Goals with Motivational Theory The basic needs if not fulfilled motivates people to achieve those needs. One can satisfy the basic need by taking one job. A job of any kind will satisfy the basic need. As I already have a good job so this job so the basic needs of food, water etc are satisfied. It is important to note that after lower level of needs is satisfied then one progress to satisfy the higher levels of needs either wise the higher level goals will remain meaningless (Lester 2013). I am currently a medical representative therefore my psychological and safety needs are satisfied. The planned goals that I have include becoming the Executive officer of the Sun Pharmacy. It shows that a sense of belonging and love needs are satisfied as there is a strong bond between employees. As a result my goal is to grow with the company and achieve the highest position of the executive. It is my goal to achieve the promotional objective that I set for myself in order to satisfy the psychological needs of self esteem. It is important to maintain self esteem in order to achieve the highest goal. The achievement of the goal of area sales manager will help me maintain the self esteem and then further development of goals will be possible. The ultimate self actualization goal will be achieved when the career goal of becoming the Sales Manager within 4 years and the ultimate goal of becoming the Executive officer on or after 5 years is achieved. Then at this level full potential will be achieved thus satisfying the self fulfillment needs (Jerome 2013). Conclusion The essay shows that Maslows theory is very helpful in achieving and fulfilling the career goals of life. Reference Anderson, A., 2014. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.The Prairie Light Review,36(2), p.7. Cao, H., Jiang, J., Oh, L.B., Li, H., Liao, X. and Chen, Z., 2013. A Maslow's hierarchy of needs analysis of social networking services continuance.Journal of Service Management,24(2), pp.170-190. Cobb-Clark, D.A. and Schurer, S., 2012. The stability of big-five personality traits.Economics Letters,115(1), pp.11-15. Cred, M., Harms, P., Niehorster, S. and Gaye-Valentine, A., 2012. An evaluation of the consequences of using short measures of the Big Five personality traits.Journal of personality and social psychology,102(4), p.874. Funder, D.C., 2015.The Personality Puzzle: Seventh International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Jerome, N., 2013. Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance.International Journal of Business and Management Invention,2(3), pp.39-45. Lester, D., 2013. Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Psychological reports,113(1). Leutner, F., Ahmetoglu, G., Akhtar, R. and Chamorro-Premuzic, T., 2014. The relationship between the entrepreneurial personality and the Big Five personality traits.Personality and individual differences,63, pp.58-63. McShane, S.L. and Von Glinow, M.A., 2015. Organizational Behavior 7/e. Pellegrino, J.W. and Hilton, M.L. eds., 2013.Education for life and work: Developing transferable knowledge and skills in the 21st century. National Academies Press.

Family Relations within the Amish

Effects Of Cognitive Impairment And Low Health Literacy On Medication Adherence Essays

Effects Of Cognitive Impairment And Low Health Literacy On Medication Adherence Essays Effects Of Cognitive Impairment And Low Health Literacy On Medication Adherence Paper Effects Of Cognitive Impairment And Low Health Literacy On Medication Adherence Paper Scientific and social changes of the 21st century have brought a radical change in the Health care delivery system. Medical intervention is an important component of the health care delivery system and the role of a health care professional in patient welfare has no boundaries for praise. The health care profession has evolved through time to establish a firm role in the medical domain based on strong ethical, moral and professional principles. The medical professionals are ‘accountable’ today. The civil war (1860-65) enhanced the growth of health care in United States and the two World Wars saw the ‘nobility’ of the medical practice. The changing role of these professionals as significant members of the health care team has brought about radical change in Health Care delivery system. Practice methods like â€Å"The collaborative model† shows a radical shift from the past. â€Å"Evidence based Practice† is another model in practice today. In such a scenario, clinical care of cognitively impaired is a complex practice and involves the key concepts of knowing the patient and reflective thinking. BACKGROUND Communication is the pulse of medical practice with the elements of intimacy and reflective practice. Communication barriers of the mentally and cognitively impaired patients seem to erode the quality of medical care due to assumptions and attitudes. Lack of communication due to cognitive impairment and lack of health literacy clearly affects the medication adherence of the older patients, especially ethnic minority in origin. More than sixty percent of the minority population does not comply with the prescribed drug regimen in the USA. Non-verbal communication seems to be effective in such settings. Effects of cognitive impairment on the reliability of geriatric assessments has been studied recently (Phillips et. al, 1993) to explore the relationship between cognitive status and reliability of multidimensional assessment data. The studies have proved that the reliability of the patients communication and sensory ability are affected by cognitive status. Hence caution should be exercised in treating cognitively impaired patients. The cognitive impairment that contributes to unreliable assessment of patients includes those related to communicating, vision and hearing. Communication problems of hearing impaired patients have been studied as well (Hines, 2000). The studies have proved that such patients are seriously disadvantaged by the disability. The major factor contributing to the disadvantage has been the inadequacy in training of both health care professionals in deaf awareness and associated communication skills. Other factors include the patient’s concealing their disability, work pressure and poor communication of the staff. Monolingual and Bilingual communication between patients with dementia and their care givers have been studied and have shown that the relationship between a demented terminally ill patient and the care giver is an important factor which forms the foundation of the interaction between them. This communications is complex with different aspects of perception and practice (Sirkka, 1996). Non-speaking patients are the worst affected and it is important to improve their communication to allow them receive care and comfort. The ethnic old patients in Canada have been shown to have remained an isolated group as aliens in their own land. This ethnic population has been shown to be unable to communicate with their care givers (Saldovt, al 1994). Problems developed in such patients without interpreter services have been termed serious. Thus, the problems encountered in communication between health care professionals and patients can be based on cultural needs and cognitive status; Cognitively impaired or comatose are often neglected. Studies on demented terminally ill patients to evaluate the time care givers provide for direct patient care have showed that more time is being spent with non demented than with the demented. The patients were shown to react in five categories of communication types during interactions The patients enjoyed contact, Patient avoided contact, The patient was aggressive, Showed only slight reaction and Does not react. Studies pertaining to specific verbal communication interactions in such elderly patients have been carried out (Jones et. al 1986). The studies were carried out under the categories ‘words spoken’, ‘commands given’, ‘statements made’, ‘Questions asked and answered’ with there ethnic groups namely immigrant, Canadian born and Anglo-born. The studies highlighted the need for health care professionals be aware of the implications of differences with there groups. Another studies on communication with severely demented patients by the health care professionals have shown that care of such patients need clear communication during care procedures. Thus, use of non-verbal communication skills (NVC) to improve care, especially with people who have learning disability has been assessed in a study (Chambers, 2003). The study outlines a health care professionals’ diagnosis of altered non-verbal communication and a new wellness diagnoses for enhanced non-verbal communication with detailed discussion on use of NVC with people with comprehension difficulties. The study stresses on the fact that health care professionals can be important in enhancing the non-verbal skills of the patient to help them communicate. Adding support to the view, the importance of improving communication by touch has been documented (Vortherms, 1991). The article views touch as an integral aspect of care, with the language of touch including tactile symbols of duration, location, action, intensity, frequency and sensation. The article classifies touch as affectional, functional and protective. The article stress that age is not a category to decide upon touch in terms of reduced needs of touch. An examination of touch between health care professionals’ and elderly patients (McCann et. al, 1993) has shown that most touch interactions in a care of the elderly are instrumental in nature and expressive touches are usually given to body extremities like the forehead, arms and the legs. Caring mentally ill patients undergoing therapy with antipsychotic drugs like clozapine and benzodiazepines involves careful monitoring of the patient’s physiological condition as well. Such drugs have marked side effects like sedation, hyper salivation, increase in transaminases, EEG changes, cardiovascular respiratory dysregulation, overweight, mild Parkinsonism, akathisia, tardive dysakinesia, increase of liver enzymes, hypotension, fever, ECG alterations, tachycardia, and delirious states. These drugs also pose the risk of seizures. With medical litigations on the rise, the interventions should be based on the competence of the patient. However in psychiatric cases there seems to be a group of individuals who are marginally competent. This group seems to lie in-between the two extremes of competence and incompetence and competence in this case thus appears to be a matter of degree. Mentally retarded persons who have some understanding of the reality and are able to express their wishes and desires can also be considered marginally competent. Mentally ill individuals whose illness has not completely impaired their understanding and capacity to express their wishes and desires are also considered marginally competent. These individuals are not incompetent though they suffer from specific deficits due to destroyed faculties. These marginally competent individuals make a significant group and recognizing the existence of such group of marginally competent individuals will help define competence better towards the documentation of informed consent and advance directives during interventions. A Psychological well being was shown to be enhanced by the humanistic personal interaction with the health care professionals and the professional interaction was shown to enhance physical well being. The patient’s feelings of well being always depended on the psychological well being according to the study. (Jane, 2002). Another studies on communication with severely demented patients by the health care professionals have shown that care of such patients need clear communication during care procedure and the health care professionals were vogue in their verbal communication and some patients were verbally active after the health care professionals leaving the bed side. A small scale pilot study has explored the educational base and needs of qualified care givers with reference to terminally ill patients with learning disability. The study has shown the lack of knowledge and skills in health care professionals to deal with the LD patients. The study has also recommended the introduction of communication and interpersonal skills in the care and Management of terminally ill patients with LD in the curriculum. The role of communication in care for elderly as documented by a literature review (Varhellan et, al. 1997) indicate a lack of observational instruments to effectively evaluate the interactive nature of patients communication especially with reference to reliability and validity. LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The negative influence of elderly patients mental impairment on patient interaction has been documented in a study using the Clifton Assessment Procedure (Armstrong et, al 1986). 23 students were assessed under three categories of lucid, slightly confused and demented. Data on interactions with nursing staff were gained by direct observation. Studies concluded that health care professionals interact less with confused category them lucid category. Most of the health care professionals were more directed in the physical care of the patients them the psychological interaction or restorative activity. The patient’s inability to provide an accurate history of his problem and to participate in self-care blocks the usual process of care, often resulting in medical uncertainty inadequacy and frustration for the physician (Wendy L. , et. al, 2005). This shifts the goal from cure to care and shifting the goal of care from curing the patients illness to caring for the patients quality of life is problematic. The doctor–patient relationship changes dramatically often with ethical dilemmas related to patient autonomy and decision-making. Communication problems seem to erode health care professional’s commitment to care (Ekman et. al, 1991). Continuity of care seems to be a significant factor in psychiatric care as documented by research studies (Backrush, 1981). Continuity of caregivers where a single, continuous treatment team is responsible for patients in both inpatient and outpatient settings (Fuller Torrey 1986) seem also to complement continuity of care with improved cognitive function self-care skills. Cognitive impairments and low health literacy pose a serious barrier on the reliability of patient assessments. Hence, there is a need for training the health care professionals on communication skills with reference to cognitive impairments and designing awareness programs for such patients towards better health care. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES The main Objective of the study is to evaluate self-reported medication compliance in patients 50+ years of age and to compare physician assessments of patient’s adherence to a prescribed drug regimen provided on the â€Å"Predictive Score Sheet† to data obtained in telephone survey. The main goal of the study is to administer Medication Adherence Telephone Survey to all patients that completed the initial RAND SF-36 Survey, to complete double entry of data using SPSS software, to design and implement a statistical analysis plan to address the stated research question and to understand the effects of self-reported data on the validity of a research study MATERIALS AND METHOD In such a context, a demographic survey and two health assessments were administered to a convenient sample for a consecutive two week period utilizing CLOX, an executive clock drawing test to screen for cognitive impairment and the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) test to measure health literacy. A stimulated patient chart reviews and a telephone survey to record medication adherence behavior was conducted. One hundred cognitively impaired patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia referred for Clozapine therapy were studied over the period of two weeks of treatment. Clozapine is a tricyclic dibenzodiazepine derivative 8-chloro-11- (4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-5H-dibenzo [b, e] [1,4] diazepine. It is available as 25mg and 100 mg tablets for oral administration. Clozapine is widely used in refractory Schizophrenia. There seems to be a cultural and geographical variations in dose response relationship and tolerability to the drug making the dose response unpredictable. The effective and tolerable range is between 100 mg to 900 mg, which makes it difficult to make a predictive, significant and valid correlation. There has been no positive correlation with serum level too. Adherence to medication is important in clozapine therapy for results. The study was open level, naturalistic, and prospective, involving all patients, consecutive one hundred, referred for Clozapine during the year 2006. Data was obtained from patients and key relatives after informed consent. After therapy began, patients received a follow-up evaluation on day 4, 8 and again on the last day of treatment. The patients included 62 men and 38 women of low to middle socio-economical class, ranging in age from 52 to 56 years, averaging 54 years of age. 38% were married, 43% were single, and 19% were separated. The duration of illness prior to the study ranged from 5 to 21 years, averaging 7 years. Patients’ duration of illness before first psychiatric contact ranged between 5 months and 46 months, averaging 20 months. Prior to the study, 55% of the patients had a history of hospitalization, averaging 2 prior hospitalizations and the mean duration of hospitalization was 2 months. A history of violence was recorded in 46% of patients and 72% had a history of behavioral disruption. 28% of the patients had attempted suicide. Some were unable to function in society- 66% were socially disabled and 74% had little or no occupational functionality. One fourth of the patients had a positive family history of some psychological disorder. Schizophrenia was diagnosed in 16% of those relatives: 5% in siblings, 8% in parents, and 3% among offspring. Other psychological disorders, including alcoholism, depression, and suicide attempts were confirmed in first-degree relatives among 9% of the patients.

Interpersonal Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Interpersonal Communication - Essay Example Discourse analysis involves such aspects as small talk, talk-in-interaction and also computer-mediated communication. Small talk is a causal type of conversation which is used to break an awkward silence between two people (Goffman, 1981). Thus it is considered as a strategy in managing the interpersonal distance. This is vital as sometimes it is not ethical to be without saying anything. There are certain instances and situations in which small talk is considered appropriate. There are also some commonly used topics in small talk. Thus small talk facilitates the creation of a positive face among the people and it can have at the beginning or at the end of the conversation. Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) is described as some form of communicative transaction that occurs between two or more computers which are in a network. Basically this term has been utilized to define interactions that take place through computer-mediated formats such as e-mails, chat rooms and instant messaging (Thurlow, Lengel & Tomica, 2004). However it also involves other forms of communication such as text messaging. Research on CMC concentrates mostly on social impact of computer-supported communication technologies. CMC is a concept that has been evolving over time with the advent of technology. Sometimes there is deviation from the conventional means such as the use of audio visual technologies in contrast to the totally text based forms of communication. Analysis Discourse Analysis (DA) is a method that has been used to analyze written, spoken or signed language in any significant semiotic activity. It is a qualitative approach that has been developed by psychologists (Heritage, 1997). The objectives are; 1. Analyze natural occurring of language, which is not invented before. Related activities are Corpus linguistics and text linguistics. 2. Define coherent sequences of speech acts or sequence of statements 3. Define syntax, lexicon, style, speech act and aspects of interaction 4. Define various types of disclosures in media, education science and business Discourse analysis is begins with research questions which are not formal sense. Aim theoretical positions when preparing questionnaire (Potter, 1997). This can be a text which is deconstructive but relate to identities. Topics can be identified including men's friendships, Family background inquiries, about marriage, and so on. It identifies the theoretical orientation to understand the analysis and also try to understand themes in what people want. With the help of utterance it can be abstracted about what is being said. But there will be inconsistency and sometimes an attempt to arise blame, regular interruption of people, and so on. 1. Report collected information that can be abstracted. 2. Critique own interpretations 3. Reconsider the research question and state what theory and practice in Psychology can be applied. In normal day-today usage it could be mentioned that the term text is used exclusively to define written language, whereas discourse is used to describe spoken language exclusively. However Linguists have in recent times use the term text to define all types of utterances. A few examples of text maybe a magazine article, a television interview or a cooking recipe. Text Linguistics is defined as "the formal account of the linguistic principles governing

Social Darwinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Social Darwinism - Essay Example â€Å"Social Darwinism† is a term used to refer to the application of ideas and concepts applied to the social world which are allegedly derived from Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution (Leonard, 2009). There is much controversy surrounding Social Darwinism, its historical significance, its usage and applicability and most importantly its association with some of the known social scientist in history such as Darwin and Spencer. The debate around the definition of the term has in most cases revolved around whether or not Social Darwinism came out of the works of Darwin and other theorists that wrote about the role of biology to explain the social hierarchies present during that era, as Europe, America and other continents witnessed the aftermath of industrialization. There are basically two types of approaches to the definition of the term that have been put forward to explain the different approaches theorists have taken in order to explain the term (Crook, 1996). The â€Å"generalist† approach basically refers to Social Darwinism as the analysis of social inequality by the help of evolutionary and developmental ideas using Darwinian terminologies such as â€Å"survival of the fittest† but not explicitly relying on the original works of Darwin (Weiler). The second type known as the â€Å"restrictionist† approach in contrast, argues that a mere use of phrases that represent the work of a theorist such as â€Å"survival of fittest† does not define the theorist as a Social Darwinist (Weiler). According to the broad definition, the theory came to denote racism, imperialism and capitalism during what came to be known as the Gilded Age where, whilst the poor suffered the consequences of Industrialization in the American society, those that owned the factories and benefited from the wealth they were acquiring, although fewer in number, used Social Darwinism to justify why such notions as â€Å"survival of the fittest† put forward by Darwin and Spencer made it logical for only those that were biologically gifted or a so called â€Å"superior race† to be market leaders and worthy of acquiring the most wealth and superior positions in politics (Hodgson 2004). There is also debate on when the term was first used and while the works of theorists like Hofstadter gave a strict definition of who the Social Darwinist are, others such as Hodgson have argued that these theorists present as facts what are basically just labels (Hodgson 2004). The history of the term is a controversial issue. While some say that the term was first used in the late 1800s and was associated with known social theorists like Spencer and Sumner (Wieler), for example Spencer’s Synthetic Philosophy is one of the first pieces of literature where the term can be traced (Hodgson 2004), others argue that Spencer never used the term Social Darwinism and that he is deemed one of the founders of the theory only based on assoc iations made between the theory and Spencer’s work (Hodgson, 2004). This paper will aim to present a critique of the theory â€Å"Social Darwinism† as presented in the book â€Å"Social Darwinism in American Thought† by Hofstadter that proved to be a very influential piece on the theory. In order to do so I will look at the work of revisionists such as Hodgson and Leonard who

What Are the Reflective Practices of Teachers?

What Are the Reflective Practices of Teachers? Teachers play a significant role in shaping the quality and effectiveness of the teaching and learning practices. Research on effective teaching has shown that effective practice is linked to inquiry, reflection, and continuous professional growth (Harris, 1998). The professional development of teachers takes many forms ranging from activities set by school administration to personal reflective practices about classroom experiences. Schon (1996) defined reflective practice as thoughtfully considering ones own experiences in applying knowledge to practice while being coached by professionals in the discipline. For teaching, reflective practice refers to the process of the teacher studying his or her own teaching methods and determining what works best for the students. Thus, teachers reflective practices are necessary to teach effectively and they address an important issue in providing meaningful lessons to students. Elementary teachers as well as the teachers of other grades can be supported to be involved in reflective practices on their own experiences. 1.1 Rationale The classroom realization of curriculum reform comes about through the actions of individual teachers (Christou et all, 2004). Teachers beliefs, practices, and working environment shape and direct their implementation. Teachers should be able to understand and appreciate the changes that the curriculum is attempting to implement and not otherwise. (Zanzali, 2003) There is a literature which presents the processes and barriers involved in the implementation of curricular change (e.g. Fullan, 1991; Macnab, 2003). Romberg (1997) showed that the use of a new curriculum in the classroom could create disjunctions between the teachers former knowledge and practice, which require resolution. The development and implementation of any curriculum will affect teachers in significant ways and if teachers are not helped in coping with demands brought about by changes in the content, pedagogical and psychological considerations, the implementation process will not be effective. Experience around the world in developing, industrialized, and information-based countries has shown that professional development is the key determining factor for improved classroom performance. Effective professional development experiences are designed to help teachers build new understanding of teaching and learning (Hea-Jin Lee, 2001). According to Baird and Rowsy (1989), high quality in-service program should be designed if teachers were to benefit from it. Regardless of particular circumstances, an effective curriculum development process usually entails a structured professional development program in order to guide the curriculum development process. The aim of this study is to investigate elementary teachers reflective practices on their mathematics teaching as they are involved in a continuing mathematics teaching professional development program as a consequence of a two mathematics education program integration process at a private elementary school in Ankara. In this study, two elementary teachers will participate in the study and they will be interviewed in order to get information about their reflective practices on their teaching. In addition to this, those teachers lessons will be observed in their classes through the professional development program in order to see their implementation. The participants will also keep reflective journal on their mathematics teaching practices. The findings will contribute to the future in-service training programs in Turkey. 1.2 My motivation for the study As a mathematics teacher teaching grades from 6 to 8, I realized that students have some problems related to mathematics learning and some of these problems are related to their previous learning experiences in early grades. These problems are brought to the upper grades if they were not solved in the earlier grades. It can be said that, students do not learn well and as we desire and I believe that some of these problems are related to the teaching, in other words, it is directly related to the way we teach the mathematics topics. In our country, elementary school teachers are responsible for teaching mathematics as well as teaching other subjects. As far as I am concerned, teaching mathematics especially to 4th and 5th grades is difficult for many elementary school teachers. In this respect, teachers, who are teaching in these levels should be supported by means of continuous program that involves several different components such as seminars, lesson observations, interviews, and reflective practices. By seeing the potential sources of the problem and having some solution ideas, as a mathematics teacher I can provide support for elementary school teachers in my school. Thats why, from my point of view, this study will serve a valuable information in order to understand elementary school teachers way of thinking in teaching mathematics by means of their reflective practices. 1.3 Research Question The research question related to this study is as follows: What are the elementary teachers reflective practices on their mathematics teaching as they are involved in a continuing mathematics teaching professional development program which is developed as a consequence of a two mathematics education program integration process at a private school in Ankara? CHAPTER II:  REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE The goal of this study is to investigate elementary teachers reflective practices on their mathematics teaching as they are involved in a continuing mathematics teaching professional development program as a consequence of a two mathematics education program integration process. This chapter is devoted to the review of literature related to this study. The issues that will be covered in this chapter are the term reflection, reflective practices, and studies on reflection and reflective practice. What you need is a theory which underlines the reflection. Not for this assignment, but for your TIK and dissertation. 2.1 The term reflection: Although the term reflection became popular after the studies of Schon, the roots of the term extend to John Dewey. Dewey (1933) claimed the importance of active and deliberate engagement with problematic situations in providing development. He defined reflection as an Active, persistent and careful consideration of any belief or supposed form of knowledge in the light of the grounds that support it and the further conclusions to which it tends constitutes reflective thought (p. 9). According to Dewey (1933), reflection does not consist of a series of steps or procedures to be used by teachers. Rather, it is a holistic way of meeting and responding to problems, a way of being as a teacher. As he stated, reflection involves intuition, emotion, and passion and is not something that can be neatly packaged as a set of techniques for teachers to use (p.9 you give the page number what where is the quote?). Dewey (1933) believed that an individual should to have three profiles in order to r eflect; being open-minded, responsible and whole-hearted. These imply openness to new ideas and thoughts, being aware of the meaning and consequences of ones actions and the capacity to fully engage with new ideas and actively seek them out respectively. He further stated the four-part experiential-reflective cycle showing the relationship between experience, description, interpretation, and action. Rodgers (2002, p. 845 as cited in Lee, 2005) characterized Deweys four criteria for reflection as follows: Did you take this directly from your second reference? Or did you paraphrase them? Is a meaning-making process that moves a learner from one experience into the next with deeper understanding of its relationships with and connections to other experiences and ideas. Is a systematic, rigorous, disciplined way of thinking, with its roots in scientific inquiry. Needs to happen in community, in interaction with others. Requires attitudes that value the personal and intellectual growth of oneself and of others. Deweys ideas and the idea of professional reflection were developed in the 1980s with the Schons (1983) new concepts of reflection-in-action and reflection on action. Schon stressed the relationship between reflection and experience and distinguished between `reflection-on- action and `reflection-in-action. While reflection in action can be described as the reflection done during the action, reflection on action is done after the action. Griffiths (2000) stated that, reflection both in and after action is important in order to evaluate and moderate intuitive practice. Another distinction about the types of reflection is done by Van Manen (1995). He stated that the simplest forms of reflection that regularly occur in teacher education take place before, during, and after teaching, and Van Manen defines them as anticipatory, contemporaneous, and retrospective types of reflection. 2.2 Reflective Practice Jaworski (1998) defined reflective practice as a rather thoughtful way of teaching, evaluating what occurs and feeding into future planning without a demand for overt, critical, knowledgeable action (p.7). Similarly, Schon (1983) defined reflective practice as thoughtfully considering ones own experiences in applying knowledge to practice while being coached by professionals in the discipline. According to Pollard (2005), reflective teaching implies an active concern with aims and consequences as well as means and technical competence (p15). He stated the seven main characteristics of reflective practices as follows: I think instead of listing them in this way, you should combine these in a paragraph. You may use most of your expressions below, but put them through a flow in the paragraph. Reflective teaching implies an active concern with aims and consequences, as well as means and technical efficiency. Reflective teaching is applied in a cyclical or spiraling process, in which teachers monitor, evaluate and revise their own practice continuously. Reflective teaching requires competence in methods of evidence-based classroom enquiry, to support the progressive development of higher standards of teaching. Reflective teaching requires attitudes of open-mindedness, responsibility and wholeheartedness. Reflective teaching is based on teacher judgment, informed by evidence- based enquiry and insights from other research. Reflective teaching, professional learning and personal fulfillment are enhanced by dialogue with colleagues. Reflective teaching enables teachers to creatively mediate externally developed frameworks for teaching and learning. McKenna (1999 as cited in Jay and Johnson, 2002) listed the characteristics of practitioner who is reflective by saying he; focuses on some dimension of their pedagogy; sees that dimension from a variety of perspectives using techniques of reframing and reflective listening; and engages in dialogue with their peers in order to illuminate the boundaries and frames of thought which limited their current perspective, with the goal being to take action based on a thorough and reflective understanding of events, alternatives, and ethics (p. 13). Again, you have page number but where the quote begins and ends (quotation marks) is missing. Instead, you should write these in your own words in a paragraph. 2.3 Studies on reflection and reflective practice Try to avoid talking about the article. Instead, talk about the study or the ideas presented. Griffiths (2000), discussed the term reflection as it relates to teachers and teacher education. She drew particularly on Schons (YEAR) definitions of two types of reflection, which are reflection-in-action and refection-on-action. In the article, differing definitions of reflection and their inter-relationship are explored, and how these relate to courses of initial teacher education in a variety of countries and cultural contexts is discussed. In addition to this, questions about the value and purpose of reflection were also raised, especially in the context of its practical relevance to teacher education. Another study is done by Jay and Johnson (2002) who explored the facets of reflection. They provided a typology designed to guide teacher educators in teaching reflection to pre-service teachers. After a short review on reflection, they defined the term reflection, reflection process and its content, and the typology of reflection is presented. The profile of typology consisted of three dimensions of reflective thought which are descriptive, comparative, and critical. In her article Frid (2000) discussed that although it has framed many mathematics teacher education practices in the last decade, it has ultimately not had substantial impact on classroom practices yet. Therefore she examined some reasons for this lack of impact. In the article, the stages and foci of teacher development are underlined from the stage of beginning student teacher to an autonomous teacher. In this paper the importance of broadening and embracing constructivist pedagogy more fully were mentioned in order to provide ways for the development of student teachers as professionals who have technical knowledge and skills as well as capacities for life long learning, flexibility and autonomy. Jaworski (2006) defined teaching as learning practice and she addressed the challenge of developing theory in relation to the practices of mathematics teaching and its development. She specially dealt with inquiry in mathematics learning, mathematics teaching and the development of practices of teaching in communities involving teachers and educators. Jaworski handle the inquiry as a tool which can lead to developing inquiry as a way of being when practiced as part of a community, in which members collaborate, as learners to develop their practice. The paper offered some ways for mathematics teaching development. In his writing, Farell (2008) described the foundations and components of reflective practice to facilitate the use of this approach among educators who work with adult English language learners. He firstly defined the reflective practice by giving briefly the related research and then he mentioned about practice, by discussing some techniques and tools such as action research, teaching journals, teaching development groups. He further discussed the continuum of reflection and how can teachers engage in the reflective practices in order to make continuous development in their career. As Frid (2000) and Jaworski (2006) mentioned, it is easy to set relationship between constructivism, inquiry method and reflective practices. The importance of reflective teaching is a central component for designing teaching and learning experiences for teachers. (Lowery, 2003, p.23). According to Van Manen (1995) in everyday life, the practice of pedagogy can only be reflective in a qualified and circumscribed sense (p.35). Reflective practice occurs when teachers consciously take on the role of reflective practitioner, subject their own beliefs about teaching and learning to critical analysis, take full responsibility for their actions in the classroom, and continue to improve their teaching practice (Farrell, 2008; Jay Johnson, 2002). Teachers can engage in these reflective practices in a constructivist manner in any time they need to develop themselves. 2.4. Developing a reflective practice-empirical research studies It is evident that there is an emphasis on the literature that reflection is strongly related with experience, in other words practice. Van Manen (1995) raised some questions about the meaning and place of practical reflection in teaching and about the relation between knowledge and action in teaching. He underlined the importance of reflective thinking which has a complex array of cognitively and philosophically distinct methods and attitudes. He defined different reflection profiles namely retrospective reflection on (past) experiences, anticipatory reflection on (future) experiences, and contemporaneous reflection. He raised the questions considering different cases, such as for novice teachers, experienced teachers, and explains the different findings in different occasions. In her article Lowery (2003) mentioned the importance of reflective teaching in providing development in teacher knowledge and research results that defines the reflective thinking as distinguishing strategy between experienced and novice teachers. She discussed the importance of teacher reflection; she describes the three-level plan to promote reflective teaching, which are understanding the importance of reflective thinking, implementing reflective strategies the reflective cycle and developing a reflective venue. Another study was performed by Loughran. Loughran (2002) examined the nature of reflection and to suggest how it might become effective reflective practice that can be developed and enhanced through teacher preparation programs, He underlined the inefficiency of experience alone is mentioned and importance of reflection for learning. The main message he gave in the article that, if learning through practice matters, then reflection on practice is crucial, and teacher preparation is the obvious place for it to be initiated and nurtured (p.42). 2.4.1. Reflective Practice among Preservice Teachers In their article, Harford and MacRuairc (2008) reported on the study they performed among twenty preservice teachers with the aim of examining the use of peer-videoing in the classroom as a tool to promote reflective practice among student teachers. The pre-service teachers who were participated in the study were from a variety of subject disciplines participating in a Post-Graduate Diploma in Education program in an Irish university. They defined the purpose of this paper as to contribute to the international debate over best practice in supporting, encouraging and scaffolding reflective practice. The findings of the study indicated that the use of peer videoing in the classroom has a powerful function as a catalyst for reflection and critical dialogue among teachers. In another study, Kullman (1998) focused on what transpired during a mentor training course in Hungary. This mentor training course involved prospective mentors and student English Language teachers. In the course, role plays proved to be the stimulus for an exploration of how far the model of mentoring commonly promoted takes sufficient account of contextual factors. He discussed the mentors roles, the ways in helping student teachers reflect on their classroom experience and how to promote reflection in relation with the contextual factors. The study of Lee (2005) has the purpose of investigating how the process of reflective thinking develops in preservice teachers and reviewing the criteria for assessing reflective thinking. Lee performed the study with the participants who enrolled as juniors in a secondary mathematics program in Korea. The data were collected by interviews, observations and written documents such as survey questionnaires and journal entries. Reflections of preservice teachers are assessed from two perspectives, one of them is content and the other one is depth. In the study, it is found that reflective thinking depends on personal background, field experience contexts, and the mode of communication. The criteria for depth of reflection are defined as recall, rationalization and reflective levels. In her article McDuffie (2004) reported on the study which has the aim of investigating the pre-service teachers thinking with regard to reflective processes and how they use their pedagogical content knowledge in their practices. The case study was done with two elementary preservice teachers during their student teaching internship program. She found that the pre-service teachers use their pedagogical content knowledge in anticipating problematic events and in reflecting on problematic events in instruction. She further founded that the limited amount of pedagogical content knowledge and lack of confidence had effect on the pre-service teachers reflection while in the act of teaching; therefore they were more likely to reflect on their practices outside of the act of teaching. 2.4.2. Reflective Practice among Novice Teachers In the literature, the amount of studies done with expert teachers and preservice teachers is greater than that of novice teachers. In one of these studies Roehrig et. al. (2008) conducted a grounded theory analysis in order to explore the potential for mentoring to support novice teachers use of effective teaching practices. The study was conducted with six beginning primary teachers in the US, and with their mentors. The data were collected by means of survey, interview, and observation. The results of data analysis revealed that some factors, other than type of mentoring program were related to beginning teachers success in improving classroom practices. It was found that more effective beginning teachers mentors had more experience as mentors and were more effective teachers than other mentors. In addition to this, more effective beginning teachers communicated more with mentors, more accurately self-reported use of effective teaching practices, and were more open to mentoring. Another study with novice teachers was performed by Cavanagh and Prescott (2010). They reported on their study that was conducted with three beginning secondary mathematics teachers. The aim of the study was to interpret how beginning teachers reflective practices developed during a one-year university teacher education program and concurrent professional fieldwork experience or practicum. The data were collected through the interviews during the practicum and once more in their first year. A three-stage, hierarchical model of reflective practice of Lee was used to interpret the interview responses. Results of the study revealed that the participants showed improvement in their ability to reflect on their teaching during the practicum. 2.4.3 Reflective Practice among Expert teachers One of the studies performed with expert teachers is done by Curtis and Szestay (2005). They reported on the learning outcomes of experienced teachers who attended a program designed to enable them to come together and engage in professional development through structured and systematic reflective practice. They used both qualitative and quantitative data collection and analysis methods. As a quantitative data collection method, they used questionnaire and as qualitative methods, they used one-to- one, face-to-face audio recorded interviews. They interviewed with seven past seminar participants, three primary school teachers, three high school teachers and one middle school teacher. Six themes emerged from the teacher responses. These are, renewed enthusiasm for teaching, looking at teaching with fresh eyes, shifts in understanding teaching, becoming more reflective and aware as teachers, enhancing the quality of student learning and building professional communities. As another study, Jaworski (1998) discussed the study of teacher researchers undertaking research into their own mathematics teaching at the secondary level. The study used qualitative methods to explore the processes and practices of Mathematics Teacher Enquiry (MTE) project research. Two important considerations were the special nature of mathematics in this research, and the role of external researchers in the MTE project. In this study, the teachers were seen as reflective practitioners, who develop knowledge and awareness through enhanced metacognitive activity. Their research was characterized as evolutionary, in contrast with established patterns of action research. This study reveals the fact that, teachers researches have commonalities and some differences, and these results provide potential for the development of mathematics teaching. In her article, Walshaw (2010) dealt with the ways of understanding what structures a teachers narrative about his practice. This study was a part of the larger project that represented the New Zealand component of the international Learners Perspective Study (LPS) and on one teachers reflections on a sequence of algebra lessons at the secondary school level, in a larger project. The data were collected through classroom video records, interviews with and classroom researcher observations. As a result of the project, Walshaw pointed out that reflections are more than instruments of change; they are also instruments of social reproduction. Zaslavsky and Leikin (2004) performed a study with junior and senior high school mathematics teachers with the aim of analyzing the processes encountered by the teacher educators, as members of a community of practice, which contributed to their growth as teacher educators. In addition to this, thy aimed at testing their theoretical three-layer model of growth through practice in special context, which is professional development of mathematics teacher educators. The study was conducted as grounded theory approach within in-service professional development program. In another study, Farell (2001) reported on the study that he performed with one non-native speaker, a teacher of English as a foreign language in Korea, during a 16-week period with the aim of understanding what the teacher talked about in the three modes of reflection: group meetings, individual meetings and what she wrote about in her journal; and what was the level of her reflection in each activity: descriptive or critical. The results of the study revealed that the teacher shows a clear preference for group discussions as her method of reflection over the other two activities: journal writing and classroom observations. 2.4.4 Summary of literature review on teachers reflection and reflective practice From the literature review, we can summarize the following statements. To begin with, the theory and practice division is dominant in the literature related to the reflection and reflective practice. Secondly, it is learned from literature that, reflective practice is a valuable and important component in teacher development. It is promoted to be included in preservice teachers education program as well as in-service teacher development programs. Thirdly, when we look at the literature from the aspects of tools and methods in order to promote reflective practices, we see that reflective journal writing, use of videos, observations, peer observations, reflective dialogue are the most common preferred ways. Another thing that attracts our attention in the literature review is that it relates constructivism and inquiry with reflective practices of teachers. As a last statement, we can mention on the literature which emphasize on the social aspect of reflections. The literature review on reflective practices of teachers revealed some further research needs. First of all, studies are needed regarding how the incorporation of effective ways in a continuous development program be achieved so that teachers benefits from these practices. In addition to this, some research would be beneficial on collaborative reflective practices of teachers on their teaching area as well as on teaching in general. Further, the role of scaffolding in developing teachers reflective practices can also be a study area. Some research on assessing the effectiveness of reflective practices would be beneficial. From the literature review it is seen that that reflection is a hallmark for development of teachers and for providing quality in teaching; it should be given importance to provide development of teachers both in undergraduate programs and continuous education programs. CHAPTER III:  METHODOLOGY 3.1 The research site The present research is a qualitative study using elementary teachers reflective practices. The study will be conducted with two elementary teachers in one private elementary school in Ankara. Two mathematics programs, namely Primary Years Math Program (PYP-math) and mathematics program designed by Ministry of National Education (MoNE) have been integrated in this school in 2010. There are approximately 100 staff including coordinator, principle and vice principals, teachers, counselors, program development expert, and measurement and evaluation expert in this school. The school has approximately 700 students from kindergarten to 8th grade. There are four sections at each grade level. The school starts at 8.30 in the morning and finishes at 15.35 and teachers are to be at school during whole week between these hours except for one half day in a week. In addition to these, for Tuesdays and Thursdays the working time extends to 17.00 and all the meetings and workshops are planned in this period. The school is implementing a new program for two years for K5 grades. This program is called Primary Years Program (PYP), which is a part of International Baccalaureate Program (IB) developed by International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO). The International Baccalaureate Organization (IBO) was established in 1968 and is a non-profit, international educational foundation registered in Switzerland. The PYP is based on the inquiry and thematic in nature. Teachers teaching the same grade level come together and develop six transdisciplinary thematic units to be covered during whole year. 3.2 The Overall Research Design of the Study The data will be collected by means of reflective journals, in-depth interviews and lesson observations. When we look at the literature from the aspects of methods in order to be used for data collection for teachers reflective practices, we see that observations and interviews are very commonly preferred (Cavanagh and Prescott, 2010; Curtis and Szestay, 2005; Lee, 2005, Roehrig et. al., 2008). In addition to this, journal writing is found a valuable tool in the literature to promote teachers reflective practices. (Farell, 2001, 2008; Lee, 2005) 3.3 The Participants Two elementary teachers will participate in the study. In the school, one group of elementary teachers teaches to the grades 1-3 and the other group teaches to the grades 4 and 5. The participants of the study will be selected from those who generally teach to 4th and 5th grades since in these grade levels, mathematics content is more intensive when compared to lower grade levels. The participants will be selected according to number of years in teaching in school and teaching experience overall. Teachers having five to fifteen years of experience will be preferred as participants. Classroom teachers are all female in this school; therefore the participants will be female. 3.4 Data Collection Procedure The participants will be interviewed in the beginning of the process in order to gather general information about them as teachers. After that, their lessons will be observed within at least five whole observation cycles, including five pre-interview sessions, five lesson observations and five post-interview sessions. The lessons will be video-taped and participants will be provided a copy of each observed lesson video in order to make reflection on it before coming to the post-interview session. Each of the observation cycles will be completed in two weeks, therefore the observation cycle process will last about ten weeks. In addition to this, the participants will keep reflective journal during these ten weeks and the journal entries will be checked at the end of each observation period. The general design of the data collection procedure is in the Table 3.1. Table 3.1 Data collection procedure Week 1 Initial General Interview Week 2 3 Observation Cycle 1 Reflective Journal Entries Literature Review: Medical Research on Schizophrenia Literature Review: Medical Research on Schizophrenia Research is a way of developing a better understanding of a specific chosen area which can help improve further studies within the chosen subject. An interesting subject to research is a mental health condition known as schizophrenia and how it affects people within modern society. This specific mental health topic was chosen due to personal reasons and also as a professional interest. This research paper will help gather more information and knowledge toward the understanding of the illness to help progress further within the mental health care industry. In an article published by Medical News Today (2014) Nordqvist (2014) it describes schizophrenia as a mental health disorder which affects the brain and causes delusions, confusions, social withdrawal, psychosis, loss of personality and can also cause the patient to portray some unusually bizarre behaviour. MNT (2014) also states that this disease of the brain will normally hit a person during their late adolescent years or early adulthood years, but goes on to stress that it can affect anyone at any given time of their life. According to research gathered by the National Institute of Mental Health (2014) a person suffering with schizophrenia will have to cope with the symptoms for life but, treatment can relieve many of these symptoms. The research information that was published by NIMH (2014) was secondary data founded and collected by medical professionals that study and research schizophrenia as a profession. The study that was conducted is known as an epidemiology study (a study of patterns of disease within the community or population) and was used to collect the primary data through participant observation and surveys (patient 2014). In recent research studies it is suggested that one in three people to every 100 in the UK suffer with schizophrenia according to statistics provided by Mind (2014). This works out around 220,000 people living in Wales and England and around 24,000,000 worldwide suffer with this illness (RC Psych 2012). These figures founded for this particular research paper are qualitative (open questionnaires) and quantitative (numerical information collected through closed questions) based as they were done through doing surveys and questionnaires on the population of the UK society having home treatment and therapies to help deal with their mental health condition. They are also only based on people living at home with the condition so it excludes people who are confined to prison or within a mental health hospital so as one could imagine the statistics will be much larger in numbers than this. All these statistics come from reliable sources as the figures come from the amount of patients that a re being treated by medical professionals, and they are then reported back to the government so that they are able to collect this information and record the figures accurately through the quantitative data gathered by the researches. In 2009 Gattaz (2009) did a study examining the link between schizophrenia and the sufferer’s urbanicity. This study was carried out during 20 different studies (known as a systematic review, where more than one case is studied, Saha et al 2005) in Western Europe and at the end of it Gattaz (2009) came to the conclusion that the longer a person living in that kind of environment is exposed to urban residence the higher their risk of developing schizophrenia was. This study was ethical in its research as the subjects were all demographically similar with their age, gender, sex and migrant status being within the same range. However during this investigation one of the major methodological (which is the way the researcher would go about discovering the knowledge in a systematic way) (Killam, 2013) implications of conducting the study into the relationship between the neighbourhood and schizophrenia was the timing of the individuals exposure. This was discovered when March et al (2008) assessed and reviewed the study and looked into the validity and the reliability of the study (the quality and the accuracy of the results). This study then becomes unreliable and inconclusive due to the unethical approach which means the hypothesis to this research can be researched again through a more in-depth approach. Kelly et al (2009) conducted research in order to find if there is a link between schizophrenia and urbanity. This was a longitude study spanning over several years. The subjects were identified by attending psychiatric services within an urban catchment of Dublin during the period of 1995 – 1998 where subjects from North East Ireland were also identified. The population used was 171 during the period of 1995 – 1998 and 153 subjects during the period of 1995 – 2001. All cases bar one were ethically Irish and all were male. The researchers collected qualitative data by means of face to face interviews. The research found that males were almost twice as likely to suffer from schizophrenia in urban areas, in comparison to males in rural areas. However, incidences of psychosis were lower in urban areas in comparison to the rural counterparts. This research found that the results suggested that males were 48% more like to suffer from schizophrenia This research did highlight the risks of schizophrenia when living in urban areas. However, this study gives a biased conclusion as all subjects were male and Irish. This research could not be used to generalise the risk cross culturally. Research involving an even ratio of male and female, also an even ratio of ethnicity would probably give a less biased result. One website named as Schizophrenia (2010) Dr Ira Glick breaks down the etiologic pathway to explain the way that schizophrenia sets in. Etiologic is a medical research term, it is important as the collected information gathers evidence for the investigation into the causes of such illnesses and diseases (Miettinen 2011). The research described on the website schizophrenia (2010) goes on to suggest that schizophrenia starts with the early environmental insults which is the genetic predisposition where, this will then lead onto the neurodevelopmental abnormalities and target features. The later environmental insults start with the further brain dysfunction and schizophrenia which will then lead to the onset of psychosis which is the neurodegeneration and schizophrenia. The study shows that ever growing research suggests that schizophrenia could possibly be prevented whilst the mother is pregnant with their child or, in the early stages of childhood. This could be a good thing because a s many other research studies suggest, schizophrenia runs in the family and that deformed genes are passed down hereditary through the family (NHS 2012). RC Psych (2014) online research website has recently been looking into research suggesting that schizophrenia is linked with the misuse of the illegal drug known as cannabis. These studies suggested that there is a clear strong link between the two with the early use of cannabis and the later mental health issues in those with a genetic vulnerability. Not only was it found that schizophrenia is linked with cannabis misuse but also another mental health issue known as bipolar disorder. According to RC Psych (2014) there is now sufficient evidence that the younger the person is misusing cannabis the higher the chances are of developing the condition later on in life. So in other words they are stating that the more cannabis smoked by an individual the more susceptible the individual is in developing the illness. Another research that has been studied between people who suffer with schizophrenia and healthy individuals asks the question ‘Is there a difference between the perception of emotional and non-emotional facial expression affected the same within healthy individuals and those who suffer with the mental health illness?’ The results from this study showed that patients suffering with schizophrenia showed impairments in the recognition of identity compared to the groups of young and old healthy individuals. Similarly though it found that old healthy individuals have the impairment of learning new faces the same as experienced in the ability of patients with schizophrenia recognising the learning of new faces (Silver 2014). The method used in this research was through direct observation where the participant’s behaviour was observed by the person conducting the research. In one of the largest studies to ever be undertaken, scientists believe they are closer than ever before in understanding the complex interplay between a person’s upbringing and their genes that can result in schizophrenia (independent 2014). Within this study the group of Psychiatrists analysed the DNA of 37,000 schizophrenic patients with completely different backgrounds and found that 128 independent genes located at 108 different locations in the human chromosomes significantly contribute the susceptibility of developing schizophrenia, whereas before 83 of these have never been previously linked to the condition. This research study will hopefully prove to be a breakthrough in understanding and hopefully finding a cure one day for the illness. Larsson et al (2012) conducted research into the use of counselling for individuals suffering from schizophrenia. The research methodology was analysing how eight psychologists talk about and around the topic of schizophrenia to patients by using semi structured interviews. This allowed the researchers to gather qualitative data. Each participant signed a consent form to and were fully briefed in regards to what date was being collected for research. This ensured that all research methods were completed ethically. Larsson et al (2012) concluded that the use of psychology in diagnosing schizophrenia is heavily underrated, The diagnosis of schizophrenia is almost unheard of in counselling psychology literature. Researchers stated that â€Å"conflicting, theories about the cause and nature of schizophrenia have arisen as outlined by Geekie and Read (2009). These include evolutionary theories, psychodynamic and psychoanalytical, life event theories, sociological and anthropological and philosophical and existential theories.† The research concluded that counselling along with medication brought something different to the treatment of schizophrenia. However, there was a danger of counselling pathologising the individual further. Counselling has been identified as being underepresented in the treatment of schizophrenia. Counselling was identified as being underrepresented within the NHS in general. Further research using counselling and medication for individuals with schizophrenia could prove to be very informative in treating an individual. However, with NHS budgets getting cut, this could prove to be a barrier in effectively treating individuals with schizophrenia. In the conclusion to the researches named above the most important thing is finding the key main factor that causes the illness to help in finding a treatment to try and prevent it, keep it at bay or possibly cure it. As research is put into place to help improve a better quality of life for persons suffering with conditions such as schizophrenia all the individuals taking part need to be treated equally therefore these studies need to be ethical in their research to help get a better understanding. Correct training of staff in hospitals, institutes, and self help groups would be of a beneficial factor but these are not cost effective and will cause the government to be paying out expenses for all aspects of the path that needs to be taken in getting there. On the other hand if a better understanding and knowledge of the condition was available to the sufferers then this could keep the cost down as the patients may not be afraid to seek help which can result in them leading a normal and healthy life the same as the next person, being able to get an education behind them, work, get a social life without feeling out casted due to the ignorance of mental health within society (Kings College London 2009). There are so many different theories in the causes and implications on schizophrenia there will be researches going on for a very long time in trying to establish the true cause of the condition. From the research gathered above if society and medical professionals were more educated on mental health illnesses such as schizophrenia then there wouldn’t be as many problems and research into the condition would become easier as sufferers won’t feel as though they are being judged because of the condition but will feel more that there is help out there for them. 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