The Relationship Between Petruchio and Katherina in the...

An analysis of the relationship between Petruchio and Katherina throughout the play The Taming Of The Shrew Introduction: The Taming Of The Shrew is a comic play based around a town in Italy called Padua. In my view, the play is mainly centred round the relationship of Petruchio and Katherina. Petruchio, a young, ambitious and (it could be said) ravenous man has his heart set on locating a young and beautiful women with a wealthy background to be his wife. The fact that he will only be interested in the women for her money is indicated several times before the meeting of Petruchio and Katherina. P: I come to wive it wealthily in Padua; If wealthily, then happily in Padua. P: Signor Hortensio, twixt such friends as†¦show more content†¦No mates for you Unless you were of gentler, milder mould. K: Ifaith, sir, you shall never need to fear; Iwis it is not halfway to her heart. But if it were, doubt not her care should be To comb your noddle with a three-legged stool, And paint your face, and use you as a fool. Katherina shows that she is in fact angered and upset by the willingness of the suitors of the town to turn to her sister when she is the older of the two, and she should be married before her. She turns her anger to violence directed at Bianca as shown in the beginning of Act 2 Scene 1, shortly before the meeting of Petruchio and Katherina. K: O, then belike you fancy riches more: You will have Gremio to keep you fair. B: Is it for him you do envy me so? Nay then you jest, and now I well perceive You have but jested with me all this while. I prithee, sister Kate, untie my hands. K: [Striking her] If that be jest, then all the rest was so. These representations of the characters I will analyse have shown that the characters have very similar personalities and are prone to violence. Especially when it comes to lack of love. This will change in a drastic way as I investigate the play. Petruchio will prevail and Katherina will be tamed. Act 2 Scene 1: The Meeting When Petruchio is alone before the first meeting, he shares with the audience his proposal to woo Kate, using a soliloquy. This opens the audienceShow MoreRelatedThe Power of Love in 10 Things I Hate About You and Taming of the Shrew1491 Words   |  6 PagesThe Power of Love in 10 Things I Hate About You and Taming of the Shrew The Power of Love is portrayed in various themes throughout both. Some of which depict superficial love, motivation by money and love-at-first-sight. 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This concept is centralised in TTS, through incorporationRead MoreTaming of the Shrew and Oleanna: Women Supersede Essay2517 Words   |  11 Pagesgender roles have been challenged and refined over the course of the twentieth century, main characters, Katherina from â€Å"Taming of the Shrew†, and Carol in â€Å"Oleanna†, nonetheless portray the exceptions or even the extremes, of feminine independence and superiority to the norm of patriarchy within not only the household, but within society as well (Traversi 96). In both the â€Å"Taming of the Shrew† by William Shakespeare, and â€Å"Oleanna† by David Mamet, the authors write their female characters to have

The Revolution of 1917 Rights of the Republic Free Essays

Before the Mexican Revolution, Mexico was technically a republic as it is today, but by the time of the revolution, it was a republic in name only. In the mid-1860s, Mexico fought back against the French colonial overlords and established the country for itself, but the plan only partially succeeded.   Over the next decade, grassroots efforts across the country began to bring equality to Mexico, but instead they delivered the country into the hands of an elected dictator. We will write a custom essay sample on The Revolution of 1917: Rights of the Republic or any similar topic only for you Order Now    In 1876, Porfirio Diaz overthrew the sitting president, forcing him to flee the country and Diaz was named president. Once he had the position, he refused to relinquish it, crushing any who dared to oppose him. For the Mexican ruling class, the period known as Porfiriato was a time of prosperity and peace. There was enormous foreign investment in Mexico and the country was developed from a largely rural economy to a modernized, industrial nation.   Then in 1910, despite Diaz efforts to destroy any opposition Francisco Madero, an academic from one the haciendas of northern Mexico, ran against Diaz. He was immediately jailed by the president and the peasants, sick of being mistreated y the Republic, galvanized behind Madero. The election fraud that had kept Diaz in office was so extreme that officially Madero received only a few hundred votes nationally. Madero worked with church leaders in San Luis Potosi to develop a plan calling on the people of Mexico to take up arms and overthrow the Diaz government. Diaz ordered Madero arrested again and he fled to Texas where he formulated the Mexican Revolution.   Within a year, Madero was sworn in as the new president of Mexico when Diaz resigned in accordance with the Treaty of Ciudad Juarez after he routed the federalist army with the assistance of forces rallying behind Pancho Villa and Emiliano Zapata. Before the year was out, Madero and his vice president would be executed a military junta left in charge of the country because Madero refused to enact the property reforms that he had called for when encouraging the people to revolt.   Madero attempted to moderate between conservatives that wanted to keep the status quo and hard-line revolutionaries like the Zapatistas and in the end had no support at all. For the next six years, Mexico’s leadership was in a constant state of flux with the President Venustiano Carranza, a former revolutionary general who overthrew the previous military leader, chased out of Mexico City for two years of his presidency. Finally, he incorporated many of the extreme viewpoints of the revolutionaries in the Constitution of 1917. The constitution is the basis for the current Mexican government. One of the most important provisions of the constitution was that it forbade foreign investors from owning land in Mexico. The provision still stands. The reason for this proviso was the fact that during the Diaz presidency foreign investors owned the great majority of the land, making profits off the work of the local peasants and that Mexico’s oil fields were largely owned by foreign investors as well. Residents of Mexico wanted the income to remain within the country and nationalized all foreign-owned property. The Constitution also severely limited the power of the Catholic Church which had once been almost completely responsible for the education of people within Mexico. President Alvaro Obregon, who was elected to succeed Carranza after conspiring with those who assassinated his predecessor, tried to accommodate all factions of Mexican society including providing better education sponsored by the state instead of the Church and instituting rights for women. It was a bad time to a politician and Obregon was assassinated by a pro-Catholic gunman. That was in large part the beginning of the rebellion of the Church against the new government. The battles in Mexico continued well beyond the end of the war as the separation between Church and State was painful. Supporters of church supremacy began an uprising called â€Å"la Guerra Cristera† (the war of Christ) and estimates are that nearly a million people died in the battles. The battles between the Church and the government continued until 1929 when an end to the armed conflict was negotiated by the American ambassador. Many believe that the true end of the revolution was not until the presidency of Là ¡zaro Cà ¡rdenas, who ran the country from 1934 to 1940 and was the first president to willingly hand over the reins of the government to his successor.   In the meantime, the spiritual base of the national had been destroyed. In 1935, 17 Mexican states were left without a priest and only 334 licensed priests existed within the entire country. Forty were known to have been executed in the wars and hundreds of others fled the country. The reason: the Constitution of 1917. Under the diplomatic settlement, the anti-clerical provisions of the Constitution still stand. Among its provisions are: Article 5 outlawed monastic religious orders. Article 24 forbade public worship outside of church buildings, while Article 27 restricted religious organizations’ rights to own property. Finally, Article 130 took away basic civil rights of members of the clergy: priests and religious leaders were prevented from wearing their habits, were denied the right to vote, and were not permitted to comment on public affairs in the press. The anti-clerical provisions of the Constitution are not generally enforced since World War II and the church has regained some of its prominence in the hearts of Mexicans, but not returned to prominence in Mexican politics. Other provisions of the new constitution include the right to freedom of the press, but with the caveat that after publication charges related to sedition and libel can be brought if they are warranted.   The constitution restricts where foreigners can own land, restricts who may be considered a citizen of Mexico and prohibits slavery. It also prohibits extradition of Mexican nationals who have committed crimes in other countries if that may result in the death penalty. The constitution specifically assures citizens the right to life and prohibits the death penalty.   The constitution assures the right of Mexican citizens to bear arms, but only those which have been approved by the Mexican National Army.   It is also one of the most progressive constitutions in the world with relation to worker rights. The Constitution provides that any slave brought into Mexico is immediately freed and offered equal protection under the law. Furthermore, workers are guaranteed the right to an eight-hour work day, a day of rest each work week, and a minimum wage. The Constitution prohibits people who are not Mexican by birth from holding most political offices, running the country’s airports or seaport, or being military officers. It also gives preference in hiring to Mexican nationals over foreigners applying for the same job, assuming that both are equally qualified.   Finally, it prohibits several forms of punishment commonly used in the pre-1917 government and outlaws the concept of a debtor’s prison.   Clearly, the biggest difference between the current Mexican government and the pre-1917 government is the treatment of the workers. Because it was the people, the workers who lead the Mexican revolution, the provisions of the new constitution are designed particularly to protect the rights of the worker.   Workers who rallied behind Emiliano Zapata and the other leaders of the revolution abandoned and executed their leaders when they strayed from the principles of land reform and workers right. Six full years before the November Revolution in Russia, the workers of Mexico began a war to assure that they would have the rights that they needed. The revolution was spurred by the harsh treatment of the peasants and lower class in early years and ended only after the people had their rights secured. How to cite The Revolution of 1917: Rights of the Republic, Essay examples

Organizational Behavior Hierarchy of Needs

Question: Discuss about the Organizational Behavior for the Hierarchy of Needs. Answer: 1.a). Introduction In the past century there has been ample research conducted on the relationship between performance of employees and their personalities. The performance of an employee not only depend on the knowhow of the trade but also depends on multiple factors like the initiative they undertake in solving the problem, resourcefulness of that particular employee, best utilization of available resources, time and energy spend in doing a particular task. There are two factors that influence job performance one is situational factors like the nature and characteristic of job coworker etc and another part is the personality factor of individual employees (McShane and Von Glinow 2015). The aim of this report is to test the employees of a reputed pharmaceutical company on the basis of big 5 personalitys traits and to prepare a report on the result. Big Five Personality Theory In 1950 the initial model of personality theory was advanced by Ernest Tupes and Raymond christial based on the work conducted in US Air force Personnel laboratory. Then in 1990 J.M. Digman proposed the five factor model which was implemented at the highest level of organization by Goldman in 1993 (Cobb-Clark and Schurer 2012). The researchers collectively agree that all the personality measures can be grouped according to big 5 personality dimension. This theory is universal and has proven to be relevant across different cultures. The recent research also shows that the bases of these personalities are genetics and they are mostly inherited (Leutner et al. 2014). Five Personality Traits proposed by the theory Traits can be explained as particular pattern of thought, actions or feelings that distinguishes one person from another. The Big Five theory has identified five personality traits that make the overall personality of an individual and they are OCEAN or Openness, Consciousness, Extroversion, Agreeableness and Neuroticism (Cred 2012). Openness- A person who is eager to learn new things and are always looking forward to new experiences is considered to be open. The traits like imaginative, insightful and divergent thinking are associated with openness. A person scoring high in this test is generally tolerant towards uncertainty and has the capacity to assimilate information. It is also found that they are more aware of feelings, thoughts and impulses as a result they have much deeper and intense experience. They are generally highly motivated and are comfortable in an unfamiliar and complex terrain. Consciousness- A person with higher level of consciousness are usually more reliable and prompt. A conscious person is more determined, strong willed and purposeful which is reflect in their hard work, carefulness and the ability to plan and organize task appropriately. The characteristics of conscious person are that they are methodical, ordered and thorough. Extraversion- An individual having energetic toward work and social life is termed as Extrovert. They have traits like assertiveness, activity, sociability and positive emotions. The extroverts are easily bored but they get motivated by change, variety and challenges. The recent researches show that extroverts are the hard working, adaptive and ambitious lot among the employees. Agreeableness- An agreeable person is compassionate, cooperative, and friendly. They are always eager to help others and they hope that others will be equally helpful. The traits of agreeable person are that they are affectionate, sympathetic and kind. Neuroticism- It is also referred to as emotional stability. People scoring high on this test often suffer from negative emotion and they are generally moody or tense. The Big 5 Personality test can be very helpful in providing an insight how employees will react to different situation. It is very helpful for an organization to assess the strength and weakness of employees. The objective of the research is to conduct a Big 5 personality on one of the popular pharmaceutical company Sun Pharma pvt ltd and to reflect the result in the report. Research Design In order to achieve the research objective a survey was designed. This design was cross sectional which means sample is drawn from population at a particular point in time (Funder 2015). Research Sample The sample was taken from the company Sun Pharma ltd which is among the top ten Pharma Company in Malaysia. The company has various manufacturing units across Malaysia and has approval of Ministry of health. Among all the employees a total of 159 employees were chosen for the empirical study. Measuring Mechanism In order to measure the personality of individual based on Big 5 theory the NEO Personality Inventory Revised (NEO-PI-R) was used for the purpose. The NEO-PI-R has 240 items and the five personalities are further divided into 6 component. The alpha coefficient of personality dimension of 0,86 suggests openness and 0,92 indicates neuroticism. The job performances of the employees were measured using Performance Appraisal Questionnaire (PAQ). The PAQ primarily measures performance, creativity and management ability with 30 items of questions. The Performance Appraisal Questioner is validly constructed and it is proved by the fact that the factor loading between 0,41 and 0,98 was obtained. Statistical Analysis The SAS program was used to carry out statistical analysis. In order to analyze the result the descriptive statistics like mean, skewness, kurtosis and standard deviation were used. Analysis of the Result The result of product moment correlation shows that there is no relationship between task performances, personality dimensions and creativity. The result is presented in the table below: Table showing moment correlation coefficient between NEO-PI-R and PAQ Items Task Performance Management Creativity Openness 0,13 0,41 0,26 Consciousness 0,05 0,10 0,07 Extraversion 0,17 0,21 0,22 Agreeableness 0,07 0,31 0,10 Neuroticism -0,11 -0,22 -0,31 Table showing the result of Canonical Analysis Particulars Correlation Coefficient Personality dimension set Openness 0,75 0,78 Consciousness 0,35 -0,04 Extraversion 0,51 -0,06 Agreeableness 0,23 -0,05 Neuroticism -0,65 -0,73 Percent of variance 0,02 - Redundancy 0,04 - Performance Set Task Performance 0,42 -0,76 Creativity 0,89 1,49 Percent of variance 0,48 - Redundancy 0,07 Canonical correlation 0,38 The practically significant correlation is 0,30 and as the table shows there are no correlations found between personality dimensions. The result of Canonical analysis however confirms that openness is related to task performance and creativity. It can be seen that an employee who is open to experience are imaginative, sensitive, has a high degree of alertness of inner feelings and has a preference of variety. This all explains the reason behind high score that openness has on performance and creativity at work. The result is in conformity with the findings of the researcher Raudseep and Horton. The test shows that the work performance of an employee is much better than less conscious employees. It is also found that open, stable and agreeable management performs much better than those scored low in this dimension. The finding shows that there is a negative relationship between neuroticism and managerial performance. The managers scoring high on this are unable to cope up with stress ; they have irritational ideas and fail to control their impulses. The sun Pharma has relatively young employees so the managers are require to continuously adapt to the new changes as a result there exists significant relationship between managerial performance and openness to experience. Conclusion In conclusion it can be said that the pharmaceutical company is required to consider the personality dimensions of their work force in order to predict successfully the creativity and managerial performance during career development and selection. It recommended that further research is to be conducted in order to draw a broader conclusion between the job performance and personality dimension. b) Introduction If an individual has the dream of achieving the highest in life then he needs to do some serious planning for life (Pellegrino and Hilton 2013). Life is dynamic and it is continuously changing sometimes for good and sometimes for bad. When the shore of life is continuously crushed by the waves of apathy and hopelessness then a proper plan acts as a light in the midst of darkness. In this essay therefore an attempt is made to plan my career goals and objective in the light of Maslows Theory of Hierarchy of Needs. Career Summary I have a bachelor degree in science from a recognized university and have experience in working as medical representative for a multinational company and currently working in Sun Pharmacy. The responsibility of my work is to increase sales and expand the business in the South western frontier of Malaysia. I have also been given the responsibility to develop an educational program to increase the brand awareness of the company. In this work the depth of my marketing and sales skill were tested which highlighted my ability in the eyes of the senior manager. I was also engaged in developing a strategic initiative with management so that use of the product of the company could be increased. As soon as I joined the company targets were achieved and I secured a salary hike within 3 months of joining. I have adequate knowledge of the latest industry development. The main soft skills that would be helping me in achieving career goals are patience, pleasing personality and the ability to comm unicate well with the physician. Career objectives and goals I have classified my career goals in two parts short term goal and long term goals. The goal that I have includes: To become senior medical representative within 6 months. In two years time to attain to the post of the area sales manager. In 4 year to become the sales manager of the Sun Pharma Company. The long term goal is to become the executive officer of the Sun Pharmacy on or after 5 years time. Maslows Hierarchy of needs The main objective of The Maslows Theory is to understand the reason that motivates an individual. In 1943 Maslow proposed the theory that peoples have certain motivation to achieve their needs (Anderson 2014). If one need is satisfied then the person looks to achieve the next needs and this cycle continues. The wide spread and most popular version of Maslow hierarchy of needs is the Maslow five stage motivational model: Self actualization: It is a self fulfillment needs that one achieve through self actualization. The self actualization is achieved by accomplishing ones own full potential which includes creativity. Esteem Needs: The psychological needs include esteem needs which is associated with reputation and sense of accomplishment. Love needs and belongingness: A good relationship and sense of belonging is a very important psychological need that cannot be ignored (Cao et al. 2013). Safety needs: It is a basic need that is concerned with safety and security of the job. Physiological needs: This are the basic needs like food, water, rest etc without which no other achievement could be satisfying. Connecting Goals with Motivational Theory The basic needs if not fulfilled motivates people to achieve those needs. One can satisfy the basic need by taking one job. A job of any kind will satisfy the basic need. As I already have a good job so this job so the basic needs of food, water etc are satisfied. It is important to note that after lower level of needs is satisfied then one progress to satisfy the higher levels of needs either wise the higher level goals will remain meaningless (Lester 2013). I am currently a medical representative therefore my psychological and safety needs are satisfied. The planned goals that I have include becoming the Executive officer of the Sun Pharmacy. It shows that a sense of belonging and love needs are satisfied as there is a strong bond between employees. As a result my goal is to grow with the company and achieve the highest position of the executive. It is my goal to achieve the promotional objective that I set for myself in order to satisfy the psychological needs of self esteem. It is important to maintain self esteem in order to achieve the highest goal. The achievement of the goal of area sales manager will help me maintain the self esteem and then further development of goals will be possible. The ultimate self actualization goal will be achieved when the career goal of becoming the Sales Manager within 4 years and the ultimate goal of becoming the Executive officer on or after 5 years is achieved. Then at this level full potential will be achieved thus satisfying the self fulfillment needs (Jerome 2013). Conclusion The essay shows that Maslows theory is very helpful in achieving and fulfilling the career goals of life. Reference Anderson, A., 2014. Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs.The Prairie Light Review,36(2), p.7. Cao, H., Jiang, J., Oh, L.B., Li, H., Liao, X. and Chen, Z., 2013. A Maslow's hierarchy of needs analysis of social networking services continuance.Journal of Service Management,24(2), pp.170-190. Cobb-Clark, D.A. and Schurer, S., 2012. The stability of big-five personality traits.Economics Letters,115(1), pp.11-15. Cred, M., Harms, P., Niehorster, S. and Gaye-Valentine, A., 2012. An evaluation of the consequences of using short measures of the Big Five personality traits.Journal of personality and social psychology,102(4), p.874. Funder, D.C., 2015.The Personality Puzzle: Seventh International Student Edition. WW Norton Company. Jerome, N., 2013. Application of the Maslows hierarchy of need theory; impacts and implications on organizational culture, human resource and employees performance.International Journal of Business and Management Invention,2(3), pp.39-45. Lester, D., 2013. Measuring Maslow's hierarchy of needs.Psychological reports,113(1). Leutner, F., Ahmetoglu, G., Akhtar, R. and Chamorro-Premuzic, T., 2014. The relationship between the entrepreneurial personality and the Big Five personality traits.Personality and individual differences,63, pp.58-63. McShane, S.L. and Von Glinow, M.A., 2015. Organizational Behavior 7/e. Pellegrino, J.W. and Hilton, M.L. eds., 2013.Education for life and work: Developing transferable knowledge and skills in the 21st century. National Academies Press.

Family Relations within the Amish

Effects Of Cognitive Impairment And Low Health Literacy On Medication Adherence Essays

Effects Of Cognitive Impairment And Low Health Literacy On Medication Adherence Essays Effects Of Cognitive Impairment And Low Health Literacy On Medication Adherence Paper Effects Of Cognitive Impairment And Low Health Literacy On Medication Adherence Paper Scientific and social changes of the 21st century have brought a radical change in the Health care delivery system. Medical intervention is an important component of the health care delivery system and the role of a health care professional in patient welfare has no boundaries for praise. The health care profession has evolved through time to establish a firm role in the medical domain based on strong ethical, moral and professional principles. The medical professionals are ‘accountable’ today. The civil war (1860-65) enhanced the growth of health care in United States and the two World Wars saw the ‘nobility’ of the medical practice. The changing role of these professionals as significant members of the health care team has brought about radical change in Health Care delivery system. Practice methods like â€Å"The collaborative model† shows a radical shift from the past. â€Å"Evidence based Practice† is another model in practice today. In such a scenario, clinical care of cognitively impaired is a complex practice and involves the key concepts of knowing the patient and reflective thinking. BACKGROUND Communication is the pulse of medical practice with the elements of intimacy and reflective practice. Communication barriers of the mentally and cognitively impaired patients seem to erode the quality of medical care due to assumptions and attitudes. Lack of communication due to cognitive impairment and lack of health literacy clearly affects the medication adherence of the older patients, especially ethnic minority in origin. More than sixty percent of the minority population does not comply with the prescribed drug regimen in the USA. Non-verbal communication seems to be effective in such settings. Effects of cognitive impairment on the reliability of geriatric assessments has been studied recently (Phillips et. al, 1993) to explore the relationship between cognitive status and reliability of multidimensional assessment data. The studies have proved that the reliability of the patients communication and sensory ability are affected by cognitive status. Hence caution should be exercised in treating cognitively impaired patients. The cognitive impairment that contributes to unreliable assessment of patients includes those related to communicating, vision and hearing. Communication problems of hearing impaired patients have been studied as well (Hines, 2000). The studies have proved that such patients are seriously disadvantaged by the disability. The major factor contributing to the disadvantage has been the inadequacy in training of both health care professionals in deaf awareness and associated communication skills. Other factors include the patient’s concealing their disability, work pressure and poor communication of the staff. Monolingual and Bilingual communication between patients with dementia and their care givers have been studied and have shown that the relationship between a demented terminally ill patient and the care giver is an important factor which forms the foundation of the interaction between them. This communications is complex with different aspects of perception and practice (Sirkka, 1996). Non-speaking patients are the worst affected and it is important to improve their communication to allow them receive care and comfort. The ethnic old patients in Canada have been shown to have remained an isolated group as aliens in their own land. This ethnic population has been shown to be unable to communicate with their care givers (Saldovt, al 1994). Problems developed in such patients without interpreter services have been termed serious. Thus, the problems encountered in communication between health care professionals and patients can be based on cultural needs and cognitive status; Cognitively impaired or comatose are often neglected. Studies on demented terminally ill patients to evaluate the time care givers provide for direct patient care have showed that more time is being spent with non demented than with the demented. The patients were shown to react in five categories of communication types during interactions The patients enjoyed contact, Patient avoided contact, The patient was aggressive, Showed only slight reaction and Does not react. Studies pertaining to specific verbal communication interactions in such elderly patients have been carried out (Jones et. al 1986). The studies were carried out under the categories ‘words spoken’, ‘commands given’, ‘statements made’, ‘Questions asked and answered’ with there ethnic groups namely immigrant, Canadian born and Anglo-born. The studies highlighted the need for health care professionals be aware of the implications of differences with there groups. Another studies on communication with severely demented patients by the health care professionals have shown that care of such patients need clear communication during care procedures. Thus, use of non-verbal communication skills (NVC) to improve care, especially with people who have learning disability has been assessed in a study (Chambers, 2003). The study outlines a health care professionals’ diagnosis of altered non-verbal communication and a new wellness diagnoses for enhanced non-verbal communication with detailed discussion on use of NVC with people with comprehension difficulties. The study stresses on the fact that health care professionals can be important in enhancing the non-verbal skills of the patient to help them communicate. Adding support to the view, the importance of improving communication by touch has been documented (Vortherms, 1991). The article views touch as an integral aspect of care, with the language of touch including tactile symbols of duration, location, action, intensity, frequency and sensation. The article classifies touch as affectional, functional and protective. The article stress that age is not a category to decide upon touch in terms of reduced needs of touch. An examination of touch between health care professionals’ and elderly patients (McCann et. al, 1993) has shown that most touch interactions in a care of the elderly are instrumental in nature and expressive touches are usually given to body extremities like the forehead, arms and the legs. Caring mentally ill patients undergoing therapy with antipsychotic drugs like clozapine and benzodiazepines involves careful monitoring of the patient’s physiological condition as well. Such drugs have marked side effects like sedation, hyper salivation, increase in transaminases, EEG changes, cardiovascular respiratory dysregulation, overweight, mild Parkinsonism, akathisia, tardive dysakinesia, increase of liver enzymes, hypotension, fever, ECG alterations, tachycardia, and delirious states. These drugs also pose the risk of seizures. With medical litigations on the rise, the interventions should be based on the competence of the patient. However in psychiatric cases there seems to be a group of individuals who are marginally competent. This group seems to lie in-between the two extremes of competence and incompetence and competence in this case thus appears to be a matter of degree. Mentally retarded persons who have some understanding of the reality and are able to express their wishes and desires can also be considered marginally competent. Mentally ill individuals whose illness has not completely impaired their understanding and capacity to express their wishes and desires are also considered marginally competent. These individuals are not incompetent though they suffer from specific deficits due to destroyed faculties. These marginally competent individuals make a significant group and recognizing the existence of such group of marginally competent individuals will help define competence better towards the documentation of informed consent and advance directives during interventions. A Psychological well being was shown to be enhanced by the humanistic personal interaction with the health care professionals and the professional interaction was shown to enhance physical well being. The patient’s feelings of well being always depended on the psychological well being according to the study. (Jane, 2002). Another studies on communication with severely demented patients by the health care professionals have shown that care of such patients need clear communication during care procedure and the health care professionals were vogue in their verbal communication and some patients were verbally active after the health care professionals leaving the bed side. A small scale pilot study has explored the educational base and needs of qualified care givers with reference to terminally ill patients with learning disability. The study has shown the lack of knowledge and skills in health care professionals to deal with the LD patients. The study has also recommended the introduction of communication and interpersonal skills in the care and Management of terminally ill patients with LD in the curriculum. The role of communication in care for elderly as documented by a literature review (Varhellan et, al. 1997) indicate a lack of observational instruments to effectively evaluate the interactive nature of patients communication especially with reference to reliability and validity. LIMITATIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS The negative influence of elderly patients mental impairment on patient interaction has been documented in a study using the Clifton Assessment Procedure (Armstrong et, al 1986). 23 students were assessed under three categories of lucid, slightly confused and demented. Data on interactions with nursing staff were gained by direct observation. Studies concluded that health care professionals interact less with confused category them lucid category. Most of the health care professionals were more directed in the physical care of the patients them the psychological interaction or restorative activity. The patient’s inability to provide an accurate history of his problem and to participate in self-care blocks the usual process of care, often resulting in medical uncertainty inadequacy and frustration for the physician (Wendy L. , et. al, 2005). This shifts the goal from cure to care and shifting the goal of care from curing the patients illness to caring for the patients quality of life is problematic. The doctor–patient relationship changes dramatically often with ethical dilemmas related to patient autonomy and decision-making. Communication problems seem to erode health care professional’s commitment to care (Ekman et. al, 1991). Continuity of care seems to be a significant factor in psychiatric care as documented by research studies (Backrush, 1981). Continuity of caregivers where a single, continuous treatment team is responsible for patients in both inpatient and outpatient settings (Fuller Torrey 1986) seem also to complement continuity of care with improved cognitive function self-care skills. Cognitive impairments and low health literacy pose a serious barrier on the reliability of patient assessments. Hence, there is a need for training the health care professionals on communication skills with reference to cognitive impairments and designing awareness programs for such patients towards better health care. GOALS AND OBJECTIVES The main Objective of the study is to evaluate self-reported medication compliance in patients 50+ years of age and to compare physician assessments of patient’s adherence to a prescribed drug regimen provided on the â€Å"Predictive Score Sheet† to data obtained in telephone survey. The main goal of the study is to administer Medication Adherence Telephone Survey to all patients that completed the initial RAND SF-36 Survey, to complete double entry of data using SPSS software, to design and implement a statistical analysis plan to address the stated research question and to understand the effects of self-reported data on the validity of a research study MATERIALS AND METHOD In such a context, a demographic survey and two health assessments were administered to a convenient sample for a consecutive two week period utilizing CLOX, an executive clock drawing test to screen for cognitive impairment and the Rapid Estimate of Adult Literacy in Medicine (REALM) test to measure health literacy. A stimulated patient chart reviews and a telephone survey to record medication adherence behavior was conducted. One hundred cognitively impaired patients with treatment-resistant schizophrenia referred for Clozapine therapy were studied over the period of two weeks of treatment. Clozapine is a tricyclic dibenzodiazepine derivative 8-chloro-11- (4-methyl-1-piperazinyl)-5H-dibenzo [b, e] [1,4] diazepine. It is available as 25mg and 100 mg tablets for oral administration. Clozapine is widely used in refractory Schizophrenia. There seems to be a cultural and geographical variations in dose response relationship and tolerability to the drug making the dose response unpredictable. The effective and tolerable range is between 100 mg to 900 mg, which makes it difficult to make a predictive, significant and valid correlation. There has been no positive correlation with serum level too. Adherence to medication is important in clozapine therapy for results. The study was open level, naturalistic, and prospective, involving all patients, consecutive one hundred, referred for Clozapine during the year 2006. Data was obtained from patients and key relatives after informed consent. After therapy began, patients received a follow-up evaluation on day 4, 8 and again on the last day of treatment. The patients included 62 men and 38 women of low to middle socio-economical class, ranging in age from 52 to 56 years, averaging 54 years of age. 38% were married, 43% were single, and 19% were separated. The duration of illness prior to the study ranged from 5 to 21 years, averaging 7 years. Patients’ duration of illness before first psychiatric contact ranged between 5 months and 46 months, averaging 20 months. Prior to the study, 55% of the patients had a history of hospitalization, averaging 2 prior hospitalizations and the mean duration of hospitalization was 2 months. A history of violence was recorded in 46% of patients and 72% had a history of behavioral disruption. 28% of the patients had attempted suicide. Some were unable to function in society- 66% were socially disabled and 74% had little or no occupational functionality. One fourth of the patients had a positive family history of some psychological disorder. Schizophrenia was diagnosed in 16% of those relatives: 5% in siblings, 8% in parents, and 3% among offspring. Other psychological disorders, including alcoholism, depression, and suicide attempts were confirmed in first-degree relatives among 9% of the patients.

Interpersonal Communication Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Interpersonal Communication - Essay Example Discourse analysis involves such aspects as small talk, talk-in-interaction and also computer-mediated communication. Small talk is a causal type of conversation which is used to break an awkward silence between two people (Goffman, 1981). Thus it is considered as a strategy in managing the interpersonal distance. This is vital as sometimes it is not ethical to be without saying anything. There are certain instances and situations in which small talk is considered appropriate. There are also some commonly used topics in small talk. Thus small talk facilitates the creation of a positive face among the people and it can have at the beginning or at the end of the conversation. Computer Mediated Communication (CMC) is described as some form of communicative transaction that occurs between two or more computers which are in a network. Basically this term has been utilized to define interactions that take place through computer-mediated formats such as e-mails, chat rooms and instant messaging (Thurlow, Lengel & Tomica, 2004). However it also involves other forms of communication such as text messaging. Research on CMC concentrates mostly on social impact of computer-supported communication technologies. CMC is a concept that has been evolving over time with the advent of technology. Sometimes there is deviation from the conventional means such as the use of audio visual technologies in contrast to the totally text based forms of communication. Analysis Discourse Analysis (DA) is a method that has been used to analyze written, spoken or signed language in any significant semiotic activity. It is a qualitative approach that has been developed by psychologists (Heritage, 1997). The objectives are; 1. Analyze natural occurring of language, which is not invented before. Related activities are Corpus linguistics and text linguistics. 2. Define coherent sequences of speech acts or sequence of statements 3. Define syntax, lexicon, style, speech act and aspects of interaction 4. Define various types of disclosures in media, education science and business Discourse analysis is begins with research questions which are not formal sense. Aim theoretical positions when preparing questionnaire (Potter, 1997). This can be a text which is deconstructive but relate to identities. Topics can be identified including men's friendships, Family background inquiries, about marriage, and so on. It identifies the theoretical orientation to understand the analysis and also try to understand themes in what people want. With the help of utterance it can be abstracted about what is being said. But there will be inconsistency and sometimes an attempt to arise blame, regular interruption of people, and so on. 1. Report collected information that can be abstracted. 2. Critique own interpretations 3. Reconsider the research question and state what theory and practice in Psychology can be applied. In normal day-today usage it could be mentioned that the term text is used exclusively to define written language, whereas discourse is used to describe spoken language exclusively. However Linguists have in recent times use the term text to define all types of utterances. A few examples of text maybe a magazine article, a television interview or a cooking recipe. Text Linguistics is defined as "the formal account of the linguistic principles governing

Social Darwinism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Social Darwinism - Essay Example â€Å"Social Darwinism† is a term used to refer to the application of ideas and concepts applied to the social world which are allegedly derived from Charles Darwin’s theory of evolution (Leonard, 2009). There is much controversy surrounding Social Darwinism, its historical significance, its usage and applicability and most importantly its association with some of the known social scientist in history such as Darwin and Spencer. The debate around the definition of the term has in most cases revolved around whether or not Social Darwinism came out of the works of Darwin and other theorists that wrote about the role of biology to explain the social hierarchies present during that era, as Europe, America and other continents witnessed the aftermath of industrialization. There are basically two types of approaches to the definition of the term that have been put forward to explain the different approaches theorists have taken in order to explain the term (Crook, 1996). The â€Å"generalist† approach basically refers to Social Darwinism as the analysis of social inequality by the help of evolutionary and developmental ideas using Darwinian terminologies such as â€Å"survival of the fittest† but not explicitly relying on the original works of Darwin (Weiler). The second type known as the â€Å"restrictionist† approach in contrast, argues that a mere use of phrases that represent the work of a theorist such as â€Å"survival of fittest† does not define the theorist as a Social Darwinist (Weiler). According to the broad definition, the theory came to denote racism, imperialism and capitalism during what came to be known as the Gilded Age where, whilst the poor suffered the consequences of Industrialization in the American society, those that owned the factories and benefited from the wealth they were acquiring, although fewer in number, used Social Darwinism to justify why such notions as â€Å"survival of the fittest† put forward by Darwin and Spencer made it logical for only those that were biologically gifted or a so called â€Å"superior race† to be market leaders and worthy of acquiring the most wealth and superior positions in politics (Hodgson 2004). There is also debate on when the term was first used and while the works of theorists like Hofstadter gave a strict definition of who the Social Darwinist are, others such as Hodgson have argued that these theorists present as facts what are basically just labels (Hodgson 2004). The history of the term is a controversial issue. While some say that the term was first used in the late 1800s and was associated with known social theorists like Spencer and Sumner (Wieler), for example Spencer’s Synthetic Philosophy is one of the first pieces of literature where the term can be traced (Hodgson 2004), others argue that Spencer never used the term Social Darwinism and that he is deemed one of the founders of the theory only based on assoc iations made between the theory and Spencer’s work (Hodgson, 2004). This paper will aim to present a critique of the theory â€Å"Social Darwinism† as presented in the book â€Å"Social Darwinism in American Thought† by Hofstadter that proved to be a very influential piece on the theory. In order to do so I will look at the work of revisionists such as Hodgson and Leonard who